European Sufficiency Policy Database
Energy Sufficiency Policy Database
In our Energy Sufficiency Policy Database we compile and categorise numerous sufficiency policy instruments for all sectors that were collected from various sources. With the policy database we aim at providing decision makers from politics, administrations and the civil society with a tool to plan and implement sufficiency policy measures. We also address the energy system and climate modelling community.
As the Sufficiency Policy Database is expected to grow further, we welcome comments and additions as well as implementation examples for the instruments listed here to info[at]energysufficiency[dot]de.
Directions for use of the Policy Database
Sorting: The database can be sorted by most of the columns by clicking on the title of the respective column. Clicking a second time leads to reversed order.
Filtering: Below the title of the column there is an option to filter the database by this column. Depending on the content of the column, the filtering is based on a checkbox window that opens when clicking on the “filter” button (multiple options can be checked) or an a search text field (“filter / search”).
- For an overview of the structure of the database, please visit this subpage.
- Different filters can be combined. However, this can lead to no entries being shown when there is no policy that matches all criteria
- On the right side above the table there is a search bar which enables searching and filtering all columns.
- With the button “Filter löschen” (above the search bar) all filter settings can be reset.
Sector abbreviations: Abbreviations for each sector, that can also be found in the column Target / Policy strategy, are: Buildings – B, Cross-sectoral – C, Industry / Production – I, Land-use & food – F, Transport – T, Transport: freight – T-fr. The targets can thus be assigned to the sectors at a glance.
Policy instrument descriptions / References: By hovering over the Policy Instrument column, a mouse-over window with a description of the respective policy instrument and the references as clickable links is displayed. The references refer only to the Policy Instrument and the respective description.
There is additional information for all cells that have a blue font. If you move the mouse pointer over the blue font, a mouse-over window appears. If you click on it, you will be redirected to a subpage with additional information such as examples of implementation or quantification of the measures.
Time -> Impact: The Time -> Impact column gives a general estimate of the time span from implementation to impact of the instrument. In the download version of the database, there is also another column (Time -> Implementation) that gives a general estimate of the time horizon until an instrument is implemented. For this purpose, it was assumed that political agreement does not represent a significant time delay, as the urgency of the measure has been recognised. The information approximately corresponds to the following time scales:
short: less than 1 year
medium: less than 5 years
longterm: more than 5 years
Downloading the database: A version of the database optimised for export as an Excel or CSV file can be found here or by clicking the corresponding button above the table.
If you have any questions or problems regarding the database, please write to info [at] energysufficiency [Punkt] de
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Citation: Zell-Ziegler, C., Best, B., Thema, J., Wiese, F., Vogel, B., Cordroch, L., Lage, J., Schöpf, D. (2024). European Sufficiency Policy Database [Data set]. Energy Sufficiency Research Group. https://energysufficiency.de/policy-database/
| ID | Sector | Target / Policy strategy | Measure / action | Policy Instrument | Time -> impact | Sufficiency type | Instr. Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Sector | Target / Policy strategy | Measure / action | Policy Instrument | Time -> impact | Sufficiency type | Instr. Type |
| 0 | explanation | Targeted goal of policy instrument | Activity induced by policy instrument to reach the goal | Unique name of the policy instrument that explains the policy to some extentDescription: Slightly more detailed description of the respective policy instrument Reference: cite as: Zell-Ziegler, C., Best, B., Thema, J., Wiese, F., Vogel, B., Cordroch, L. (2024). European Sufficiency Policy Database [Data set]. Energy Sufficiency Research Group. https://energysufficiency.de/policy-database/ |
Rough estimate of time betw. implement. & impact | adapted avoid/shift/improve (ASI)-framework, see Best et al. (2022) | Instrument types acc. to UNFCCC (2000) |
| 1 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Animal protein taxFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Meat tax or animal protein tax; could also be introduced at the production side References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 51 • Öko-Institut & Fraunhofer ISI 2015 p. 349f • German Zero p. 437 • CA DK p.37 |
short | shift | economic | |
| 2 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | School-based programsDescription: School-based intervention programs for a healthy diet Reference: Faber et al. 2012 p. 51 |
medium | shift | education | |
| 3 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Food labellingDescription: Standardised food labelling in relation to the carbon footprint / mode of transport/origin / biodiversity / water consumption like a climate traffic light – abolish private labels, only use official labels References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 51 • CA AT p. 76 • CA DE p. 67 • CA FR p. 382-385 |
medium | shift | regulation | |
| 4 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Mass media campaignsDescription: Communication and mass media campaigns for a vegetarian and climate-friendly diet Reference: Faber et al. 2012 p. 51 |
short | shift | information | |
| 5 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Action plan on mass cateringFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Action plan on mass catering to increase the offer of vegetarian and vegan dishes e.g. in cantines, care institutions etc Reference: Öko-Institut & Fraunhofer ISI 2015 p. 358 |
medium | shift | other | |
| 6 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Diet shift: voluntary self-commitment of employers/cantinesDescription: Employers/Cantines follow WHO-recommendations or Planetary Health Diet (PHD) Reference: EnSu Praxisbeirat 2020 |
short | shift | voluntary agreements | |
| 7 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Research and development for better meat substitute productsDescription: Develop better meat substitute products: R&D programmes Reference: EnSu Praxisbeirat 2020 |
medium | shift | research and development | |
| 8 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Masterplan with nutritional recommendations compatible with the Paris Agreement / PHDDescription: Plan: Elaboration of a masterplan for nutritional recommendations, against the background of the Paris Agreement targets, e.g. based on the Planetary Health Diet (PHD) References: • NECP DE p. 76 • Bürgerrat Klima p. 24 |
long | shift | other | |
| 9 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Taxation of animal productsDescription: Development of pricing instruments for consumption incentivisation (e.g. establishment of alternative proteine sources), internalisation of external effects. References: • NECP DE p. 76 • Bürgerrat Klima p. 24 |
short | shift | economic | |
| 10 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Education/information for sustainable nutritionDescription: Education and consulting for sustainable, climate-friendly and healthy nutrition. References: • NECP DE p. 76 • Bürgerrat Klima p. 24 |
medium | shift | information | |
| 11 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Minimum standards and labelling for food offersDescription: Strengthening of sustainability criteria (minimum standards) for food offers in federal office buildings, optional labelling of climate impacts on food offers in federal office buildings Reference: NECP DE p. 76 |
medium | shift | regulation | |
| 12 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Cancellation of export subsidies for animal productsDescription: Cancellation of export subsidies for animal products Reference: Öko-Institut & Fraunhofer ISI 2015 p. 349f |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 13 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | EU wide emission trading for animal products and mineral fertilizer For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Emission trading for animal products and mineral fertilizer including cap and stepwise reduction Reference: German Zero p. 408 |
long | avoid | economic |
| 14 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Increase air pollution tax for livestock and poultry farmersDescription: Increase air pollution tax for livestock and poultry farmers Reference: NECP LT p. 80 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 15 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Regulate maximum livestock unit per hectareDescription: Upper limit of 1.5 livestock units per hectar (per farm), e.g. through new animal feedstock directive (consider: sanctions and incentives) References: • German Zero p. 408 • CA DE p. 66 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 16 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of fertilizer use | Reduction of organic fertilizer use | Regulation on nitrogen limitDescription: Stricter nitrogen limits to protect drinking water Reference: EnSu Praxisbeirat 2020 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 17 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Consulting bodies on healthy nutritionDescription: Establishment of local consulting gremium that develops recommendations for healthy nutrition. References: • EnSu Praxisbeirat 2020 • CA ES p. 35 |
long | shift | information | |
| 18 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of fertilizer use | Reduction of mineral fertilizer use | Price on mineral fertilizer within CAP or as taxDescription: CAP (Common Agricultural Policy); the instrument will also foster inland farming of legumes References: • German Zero p. 409 • NECP LT p. 78 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 19 | Land-use & food – F | Increase consumption of regional products | Label for food from the regionDescription: Support regional food e.g. on local markets Reference: EnSu Praxisbeirat 2020 |
medium | shift | information | |
| 20 | Land-use & food – F | Increase consumption of regional products | Information on local food production/processing Description: Revitalise interest in local food production and processing to shorten the food supply chain. Reference: NECP SI p. 70 |
medium | shift | information | |
| 21 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Development of a network of distribution platforms and food platformsDescription: We encourage the development of a network of distribution platforms and food platforms. Distribution platforms cover the supply and demand of food surpluses in a given region and organise the logistics of these flows. In food platforms, surpluses are transformed into new food products and then distributed. Reference: NECP BE p. 114f |
medium | avoid | other | |
| 22 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Food waste: voluntary self-commitment of employers/cantinesDescription: Voluntary self-commitment of employers/cantines to reduce food waste Reference: NECP ES (EN) p. 128 |
short | avoid | voluntary agreements | |
| 23 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Information campaigns on food-wasteDescription: Information campaigns on food-waste References: • Association négaWatt 2017 • NECPs: AT, BE, DE, GR, FR, NL, LT, ES, PT, LU, SK |
medium | avoid | information | |
| 24 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Reduction of the consumption of climate harmful food and drinks | Marketing ban of climate harmful foods and drinksFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Ban of advertisement of climate harmful foods and drinks Reference: Bürgerrat Klima p. 24 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 25 | Land-use & food – F | Increase locally grown food | Funding and support of community gardensDescription: Empty, unused areas can be converted into gardens to make them available for the production of food for the communitiy. The EU, member states and local governments need to fund and support the promotion and implementation of these community gardens. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
long | shift | fiscal | |
| 26 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Information about energy savings by reduced heating temperatureFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Information for household, public spaces and those open to the public, as well as in tertiary buildings of options to reduce and effects from reducing the room heat temperature (e.g. by 1 degree 20 to 19° C, no aircondition below 30°C) References: • Öko-Institut • Fraunhofer ISI 2015 p. 118 |
short | avoid | information |
| 27 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Right to exchange flatsDescription: Right to exchange flats between the tenants of two different flats without rise of rent (except flats where the landlord lives in the same house with not more than two flats) Reference: German Zero p. 366 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 28 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Moving bonusFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Moving bonus in case of switching from a bigger to a smaller flat (size/living space must be regional average or below) Reference: German Zero p. 367 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 29 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Moving adviceDescription: Municipal advisory offices for moving, sublease and home exchange (main target group: elderly people living on more than 80m2) Reference: German Zero p. 368 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 30 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented building modifications | Advice for change of useDescription: Advice from municipal advisory offices regarding building regulations for switching usage or adapting houses Reference: German Zero p. 368 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 31 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Use of vacant buildings | Monitoring vacanciesFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Monitoring vacancies and provide concepts for intermediate use of empty buildings and areas (municipal advisory offices) Reference: German Zero p. 368 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 32 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Fiscal relief for subleasingDescription: Fiscal relief for long-term subleasing room in the own household (not for touristic subleasing) Reference: German Zero p. 368 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 33 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Protect existing buildings and living space | Protection of living space by control numbersFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Control of sub-leasing of a flat for tourist purpose by living space protection numbers (permanent rule) Reference: German Zero p. 369 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 34 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented new construction | Subsidies for small flatsDescription: Subsidy for municipalities when building small flats (e.g. <40qm or regional average) Reference: German Zero p. 372 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 35 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented building modifications | Subsidy for splitting Single-Family-HousesDescription: Financial subsidy for structural partitioning of single family houses under the condition of subleasing (or sale) of part of it Reference: German Zero p. 371 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 36 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-supporting ownership structures | Investment grants for housing cooperativesDescription: Housing cooperatives do not profit from depreciation rates like the commercial housing construction. Therefore, grants should be given at a similar level. In addition, housing cooperatives that provide significantly smaller living spaces per person compared to the regional or municipal average should receive additional grants (EnSu complement). Reference: German Zero p. 373 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 37 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-supporting ownership structures | Financial support for buying shares of housing cooperativesDescription: (Increase) subsidy/premia for buying housing coop shares. Reference: German Zero p. 373 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 38 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Bonus payment for living on small spaceDescription: Bonus for having less living space (at primary residence) than regional or municipal average (also for shared living concepts) Reference: German Zero p. 373 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 62 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Upper limit for land consumption + allocation schemeDescription: Allocation system for remaining area contigents to municipalities: distribution by inhabitants Reference: German Zero p. 376 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 63 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Cap-and trade system for construction areaDescription: Allocation system for remaining area contigents to municipalities including trading scheme Reference: German Zero p. 376 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 64 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Withdraw possibility for speed-up construction in exterior areasDescription: Stop speeded-up processes for buildings in exterior areas (such as no public consultation), as this is mostly used in urban localities to set up new construction areas. Reference: German Zero p. 377 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 65 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Cancellation of commuting allowanceDescription: Cancellation of commuting allowance, hardship provision necessary. This instrument makes it less attractive to live far from the working place (esp. in the city) and can thus reduce urban sprawl. See also ID 209 (transport sector) References: • German Zero p. 378 • CA DE p. 48 • CA FR p. 163 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 66 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Stopping incentives for new build single family housesDescription: Example: Baukindergeld. If supporting families to get a house, support should only be for buying or renovating an old piece of real estate (Gebrauchtimmobilie) –– at least 10 years old Reference: German Zero p. 378 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 68 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Protect existing buildings and living space | Prohibition of misuse of living spaceDescription: Intensifying the prohibition of misuse (vacancy, demolition, conversion to commercial use, tourist accommodations, and structural alterations) that prevents usage of living space Reference: German Zero p. 379 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 69 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Vertical densification | Tax advantages for vertical densificationDescription: Support vertical densification by tax advantages (e.g. increase depreciation percentage Reference: German Zero p. 380 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 70 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Vertical densification | Reduce approval requirements for house-top story additionFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Facilitate house-top storey addition for new living space by less approval requirements –– e.g no approval procedure is necessary, there is not requirement to include a lift etc. Reference: German Zero p. 380 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 71 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Vertical densification | Support scheme for roof extensionsDescription: House-top storey addition: investment support + incentives for energy efficient building Reference: German Zero p. 381 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 74 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented building modifications | Design of development plans with diverse and mixed useFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: To support redensification and the city of short distances, the conversion of e.g. office space to residential space is facilitated. Reference: German Zero p. 383 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 75 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Conversion of buildings into living space | Loans for conversion to living spaceDescription: Promotional loans for conversion to living space in cities Reference: German Zero p. 383 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 76 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce car parking spaces | Abolish obligation for car parking spacesDescription: Abolish the need for parking spaces in front of buildings except for disabled people and bikes; more place for buildings, green area etc. Reference: German Zero p. 384 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 77 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce car parking spaces | Abolish privileges for underground parking spacesDescription: No privileges for underground parking space in the construction planning law Reference: German Zero p. 384 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 78 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Protect existing buildings and living space | Wrecking permit based on CO2 balanceDescription: Wrecking permit is only granted if the CO2-balance of an energetic renovation is worse than replacement construction Reference: German Zero p. 385 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 80 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Support inner-city green areas | Determine green area factor for city planningFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: For city planning, a certain factor has to be met, e.g. average green volume (m3) per area (m2). This is a supportive measure for high-quality inner-city living preventing urban sprawl. Reference: German Zero p. 386 |
long | avoid | regulation |
| 81 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Support inner-city green areas | Social just distribution of green areas in citiesDescription: Green areas should be especially added in districts with high poverty and few green areas, thus introducing a mechanism that introduces more green areas where people with lower income or smaller living space per person life. This is a supportive measure for high-quality inner-city living preventing urban sprawl. Reference: German Zero p. 386 |
long | avoid | fiscal |
| 85 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented building modifications | Training offensive for existing buildings (offers by chambers of crafts)Description: With declining new construction activity, more craftsmen can be recruited for energy-efficient refurbishment and construction in existing buildings. The chambers of crafts should therefore offer appropriate training and retraining measures, including courses on building with renewable and natural building materials. Reference: German Zero p. 388 |
long | avoid | education |
| 87 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented building modifications | Training offensive for existing buildings (training content)Description: Training content must be changed away from new construction and towards the preservation, renovation and conversion of existing buildings. In particular, conversion measures for sufficent housing should be taught (EnSu complement). Reference: German Zero p. 388 |
long | avoid | education |
| 88 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Develop a growth independent economy | Accept a steady state of the economy, rollback of growth policy | Introduce beyond-GDP measurementFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Policymakers should look beyond GDP when making decisions and assessments, taking a broader view to include, for example, indicators of health, education and the ecological footprint. There are already many existing measures that include these factors, such as the wellbeing index implemented in Scotland and New Zealand. Reference: UBA GreenSupreme p. 199, 379 |
medium | general | not specified |
| 89 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Inflation indexing (in fuel taxation reform)For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Absolute tax-levels should be indexed to avoid devaluation of taxes (as DK, NL, SE) Reference: German Zero p. 223 |
short | shift | economic |
| 91 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Disincentivise high energy consumption | Reduced energy subsidies for companiesDescription: Reduced energy subsidies for companies Reference: NECP EE p. 169 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 92 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Carbon pricingDescription: Trajectory of carbon pricing to induce behavioural change and avoid locking in of carbon intensive technologies References: • NECP IE • CA DE p. 71 |
medium | general | economic |
| 93 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Carbon taxDescription: Fiscal neutral green tax reform; CO2 tax introduction with average price of neighbour countries References: • NECPs: BE (A) p. 129, SE p. 41, 76ff, PT p. 86, FI p. 18, 88, EE p. 88, CY p. 110, LU p. 61, DK p. 79, LV p. 109, SI p. 76 • CA DK p. 26 |
medium | general | economic |
| 94 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Carbon tax for heat and transportDescription: Carbon tax for heat and transport (= non-ETS) sectors References: • NECPs: DE p. 241, HR p. 83, AT p. 171 • |
medium | general | economic |
| 95 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Tax incentives for low-carbon productsDescription: Tax incentives for low-carbon products e.g. for soft mobility and use of modes of transport other than private cars (walking, cycling, public transport) Reference: NECPs: PT p. 86, BE p. 104, 106 |
short | general | economic |
| 97 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Pricing of GHG emissions | Energy and electricity taxation reformDescription: Energy and electricity taxation reform Reference: NECPs: DE p. 240, SE p. 41, 76ff, FI p. 18, 88, DK p. 79 |
short | general | economic |
| 98 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Encourage cultural change towards sufficiency | Provide information on climate and energy demand reduction to citizens | Information campaign for a low-carbon economyDescription: Awareness raising and information campaigns towards a low-carbon economy and climate-friendly lifestyles Reference: NECPs: DE p. 78, PT p. 58, LV p. 106 |
short | general | information |
| 99 | Industry / Production – I | I: Sustainable tourism | Climate-friendly behaviour of tourists & infrastructure of tourism sector | Instrument mix of information and awareness componentsDescription: Information and awareness programmes for both tourists and catering professionals through specific tools, such as the development of targeted energy inspections, the establishment of energy and environmental footprint criteria and reporting on certification and energy signalling schemes. The Citizen Assembly in Spain recommended a certification of tourism establishments regarding ecological footprint, water & energy consumption, waste management (hygiene products, food waste), public transport connection. References: • NECP GR p. 225 • CA ES p. 8 |
short | general | information |
| 100 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of fossil fuels | Levies on energy productsDescription: Increase levies on energy products used for producing electricity Reference: NECP IT p. 138 |
short | general | economic |
| 101 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Make environmentally damaging activities more expensive | Cut back environmentally damaging subsidiesDescription: Cut back environmentally damaging subsidies Reference: NECPs: IT p. 170f, PT p. 86, PL p. 118, SI p. 76 |
short | general | fiscal |
| 102 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Make environmentally damaging activities more expensive | Abolish environmentally damaging subsidiesDescription: Abolish environmentally damaging subsidies Reference: NECP LT p. 131 |
short | general | fiscal |
| 103 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Encourage cultural change towards sufficiency | Strengthen sustainability and climate in education | Integration of climate-related education into all levels of education and higher education programmesDescription: Integration of climate-related education into all levels of education and higher education programmes References: • NECPs: LT p. 92, PT p. 58, LU p. 66 • CA DK p.18 |
long | general | education |
| 106 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Encourage cultural change towards sufficiency | Provide information on climate and energy demand reduction to citizens | Build-up or strenghten energy and climate agenciesDescription: Leverage the role of local energy and climate agencies: They play a very important role in terms of local sustainable development by promoting energy efficiency, the rational use of energy in various sectors Reference: NECP PT p. 66 |
medium | general | information |
| 107 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Disincentivise high energy consumption | Progressive electricity tariffsDescription: Electricity tariffs incorporate a built-in mechanism which promotes end-use savings. This includes a "rising block tariff" and an eco-reduction mechanism. These mechanisms incentivize end-users to reduce consumption below an established threshold and deter high consumption by applying higher tariffs as consumption increases. References: • NECP MT p. 82 • CA AT p.64 |
medium | general | economic |
| 109 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Encourage cultural change towards sufficiency | Provide information on climate and energy demand reduction to citizens | Informational measures on energy saving measures for consumersDescription: Consumer information and training programmes: Electricity retails publish on their websites energy saving tips; companies have consultants on energy efficiency to help customers reduce their energy consumption without expensive investments and complex repairs; the measure is supported by regional and local governments countrywide. The initiatives envisage the establishment of consumer councils, organising consumer days and a number of campaigns in regional and municipal centres where customers can learn how to save energy. Reference: NECP BG p. 135 |
short | general | information |
| 111 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Regulate preservation of common goods | Include Allmende in Corporate LawDescription: Inclusion of externalization in competition and corporate law. Externalization is included in the Unfair Competition Act (UWG). A new paragraph 12 in Section 4 UWG could state: a person acts unfairly (and can therefore be sued by a competitor for relief) if he gains a competitive advantage by omitting to take measures that are necessary to preserve a common good that he uses. Reference: Scherhorn 2012 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 112 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Redistribute wealth | Implementation of gift taxes (beyond a certain base amount)Description: Gift taxes are political instruments that place a burden on the transfer of wealth. They can minimise social patterns of wealth formation related to inheritance rather than individual achievements. The implementation of gift taxes can increase distributive justice, which would in turn lead to increased equality of opportunity. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | economic |
| 113 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Scientific knowledge on sufficiency | Funding for sufficiency research & consultancy | Research on the connection between well-being and levels of consumptionDescription: In order to understand what is important for a good life and how this can be achieved in a sustainable way, all political levels can step up research in this area with additional funding (all sectors: industry, agri-food, buildings and mobility) Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
long | general | research and development |
| 114 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Incentivise increase in public goods | Incentives for regional governments to provide basic goods as commonsDescription: The EU and member states transfer (financial) incentives to local governments to provide essential basic services/common goods that enable wellbeing and social prosperity (e.g. electricity, public transport, housing and access to nature). Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 115 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Introduction of new schemes or frameworks for commons | Common trustsDescription: A commons trust is a legal entity responsible for protecting a shared asset. Because it is common property, the commons are insulated from any claims by private individuals, business, government or other trusts. Trustees appointed by the stakeholders undertake legal and fiscal responsibility for the long-term preservation, use or production of commons. Many types of commons can be managed with trusts (such as land, air, water) to benefit the public as a whole and future generations. The commons trust concept builds on the cap-and-dividend idea and implies that resources like land, air, water are commonly shared and that depleting them comes at a cost. The more that is used or polluted, the higher the price of an additional “right to use/pollute” unit. This not only provides financial incentives to protect environmental resources but also has a social component: the returns can either be invested in the common good or distributed equally among citizens. Consumers with resource-intensive lifestyles pay more than they receive, while those who cultivate sustainable lifestyles (i.e. primarily low-income earners) receive money. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | shift | regulation |
| 116 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Introduction of new schemes or frameworks for commons | Introduction of democratic commonsDescription: Introducing democratic commons means reorganising the property that belongs to society as a whole. This could take place democratically via an executive committee consisting of representatives of authorities, employees, users, equal opportunity officers and lawyers. Democratic commons is a category of property in society, e.g. universities, schools, public utilities, railways, post offices, banks and kindergartens. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | general | other |
| 117 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Production | Ban on environmentally damaging investments | Prohibit environmentally harmful investmentsDescription: Many environmentally harmful activities are financed by investments from the financial sector. Ministries of Finance and Environment can provide guidance to market participants by prohibiting investments that harm the environment, helping reallocate money towards sustainable investments. Therefore, a catalogue would have to be drawn up, which defines from when on which kind of investments are prohibited or regulated. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | general | regulation |
| 118 | Industry / Production – I | I: Sustainable tourism | Support local tourism (medium to short-distance) | Tax benefits local tourismDescription: The EU member states need fo find measures such as taxes or environmental standards for the tourism industry to include environmental costs in the price of tourism-related services. At the same time regional and local tourism need to be revalorised and promoted. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 119 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Incentivise increase in public goods | Consumption-free zonesDescription: Set up of public spaces for games and culture without need for consumption, with public maintenance and avoiding mass events. For example, the EU could condition regional development funding to public space quotas. A criteria for EU-funds could be a minimum quota of public space free of compulsion to buy. This could be parks or librarys. References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • EU ES p. 9 |
medium | general | fiscal |
| 120 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Restrict online marketingDescription: A selective ban on advertising allows to restrict personalized online advertising, pricing and situational marketing. Especially regulations on the evaluation and use of online movement profiles are recommended to restrict the manipulation of consumers and the generation of needs to stimulate consumption. This regulation is important to protect personal data and to reduce redundant consumption. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 121 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of fossil fuels | Reduce/abolish subsidies for fossil fuelsDescription: Fossil fuel is still highly subsidised in the EU member states – take the low taxes on air traffic, for example. This stands in stark contrast to decarbonisation goal. Reducing environmentally harmful subsidies is a pivotal step towards decarbonisation and has been demanded for many years. To soften the negative social side effects on low-income groups and simultaneously promote sustainable alternatives, the freed-up financial resources can be used for tax breaks on areas like public transportation or may be fully or partly reimbursed to the population. References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • CA AT p.64 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 122 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Encourage cultural change towards sufficiency | Strengthen sustainability and climate in education | Introduce and incentivise sustainability education in all levelsDescription: Introduce and incentivise sustainability education in all levels by emphasising human dependence on natural resources, climate change, sustainable life and wellbeing in different forms and levels of education; Strengthen the methods of environmental education and sustainable development through the creation of a new general material in parallel to the development of a global action within schools References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • CA FR p.48-57 |
medium | general | education |
| 123 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Develop a growth independent economy | Accept a steady state of the economy, rollback of growth policy | Transformation of the EU's Stability and Growth Pact into a Stability and Welfare AgreementDescription: This transformation was also proposed by more than 200 researchers in September 2018. The new agreement would not define economic growth as a policy objective, but focus on welfare measures instead of GDP and allow the role of public funding to increase ecological sustainability. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | general | other |
| 124 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Regulation of night-time outdoor lightingDescription: Light pollution is the alteration of natural light levels at night due to artificial light. It is one of the most rapidly increasing types of environmental degradation, impacting animal activity, inhibiting photosynthesis, and thus threatening ecosystems at large. It is recommended that unnecessary lighting, such as the illumination of buildings, advertisements and shop windows, be banned or at least limited. In addition to protecting the ecosphere, it also offers the opportunity to save substantial amounts of energy. References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • CA ES p. 95 (Nr. 153) |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 125 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Sufficiency Innovation | Social Innovations/Research & Development for Sufficiency | Regulatory framework, subsidies, R&D support for sufficiency innovationsDescription: Social innovations play a key role in the transformation towards sustainable prosperity in Europe. They successively introduce and establish new forms of environmentally friendly and fair business, as well as sustainable lifestyles. The EU and its member states can actively support existing and future pioneers, including
References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • |
short | general | fiscal |
| 126 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Reduce income differences | Increase of the top tax rate to 100% for income above 20 times the minimum wageDescription: States can introduce a top tax rate of 100 per cent linked to the minimum wage. It would effectively serve as an income cap, as the entire additional amount earned would have to go to the state and set a maximum income gap. Increasing the tax rates for top earners will be particularly relevant to counteract luxury consumption, inflated salaries and perverse incentives of the financial sector. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | economic |
| 127 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Reduce income differences | Maximum Pay Differential by income taxationDescription: Multiple studies have found that citizens in more unequal societies reported lower wellbeing than people in more equal societies. Besides, highly unequal societies tend to fall apart. A maximum pay differential is a form of progressive income taxation and similar to a maximum wage. By tackling income inequality, the chances of achieving individual wellbeing can be increased. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | economic |
| 128 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Reduce income differences | Progressive Income TaxDescription: Progressive taxes impose a lower tax rate on low-income earners compared to those with higher incomes, making it based on the taxpayer's ability to pay. Progressive tax systems reduce the tax burden on people who can least afford to pay them and allow people with the greatest amount of resources to fund a greater portion of the services all people and businesses rely on. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | economic |
| 129 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Sufficiency Innovation | Funding for sufficiency research & consultancy | Funding of research for sufficiency solutionsDescription: Despite the great potential of sufficiency strategies, not much attention is currently paid to this topic. Increased funding of research by the EU and member states in the field of sufficiency solutions, lifestyle changes and their potential for sustainability would be worthwhile. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
long | general | research and development |
| 130 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Redistribute wealth | Inheritance taxesDescription: The ability to keep one's wealth within a family reproduces inequality. This creates path-dependencies which promote unequal distribution of income and power positions. In order to break through these path-depedencies and create "equal starting positions" within the economic sphere, it is recommended to increase the inheritance tax and the charge on lifetime gifts to about 45 %. The inheritance tax can be used to create additional government revenues. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | economic |
| 131 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Re-distribute and reduce paid work time | Regulate reduction of working hours | Legal and tariff agreements to set caps on working hoursDescription: Unemployment is often cited as the central reason for the economy's dependence on growth. A cap on working hours, implemented through legal and tariff agreements by member states, can better distribute working time and decrease unemployment while improving wellbeing and health. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | regulation |
| 132 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Re-distribute and reduce paid work time | Regulate reduction of working hours | Minimum holiday entitlementDescription: Minimum holiday entitlements is a means to reduce working time. Working time reduction decreases unemployment: Due to the ongoing technical progress, people are replaced by machines. Reducing working time enables a wider range of people to have access to work. In addition, within the last decades, productivity has increased, which means that more goods can be produced in a shorter time. However, this also leads to an increase in resource consumption and waste emissions. Besides environmental protection, wellbeing can also be improved through working time reduction. Minimum holiday entitlements set an incentive to reduce paid work per year. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | regulation |
| 133 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Re-distribute and reduce paid work time | Incentivise reduction of working hours | Income taxation structure progressive with working hoursDescription: income taxation structure progressive with working hours Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | fiscal |
| 134 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Re-distribute and reduce paid work time | Incentivise reduction of working hours | Lowering and flexibilization of retirement ageDescription: Governments can facilitate a reduction in working time by providing individuals with high levels of control over their own time. Introducing and promoting options and financial facilities for an earlier retirement age is one possible measure. A complementary option would be the institutionalisation of flexible retirement, i.e. offering the opportunity to either gradually phase-out or stay on the job for a longer time than formally required. Overall, reducing working time enables more people to have access to work and may improve health and wellbeing. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
medium | general | regulation |
| 135 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Re-distribute and reduce paid work time | Regulate reduction of working hours | Four-day work weekDescription: States, perhaps in cooperation with labour unions, could pass legislation or set incentives for companies to limit working days to four, or to reduce working hours (to around 30, for example). In the meantime, companies could move to lower their work hours independently, as has been done by organisations like Perpetual Guardian and Wildbit. Lower working hours reduce stress, increase employee health and happiness – and can even increase productivity. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | other |
| 136 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Disincentivise high energy consumption | Eliminate tax reliefs for manufacturing companiesDescription: Eliminate tax reliefs for manufacturing companies Reference: German Zero |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 137 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Consumer consultingDescription: Energy suppliers are obliged to consult their consumers on ways to reduce energy consumption Reference: NECP LT p. 143 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 138 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Fiscal and economic instruments to reduce energy consumption | Financial incentives for energy savingsDescription: Offer a price subsidy for saved energy to incentivise households. References: • Friends of the Earth Europe 2018 • CA AT p. 63 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 139 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Information campaignsFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Information campaigns like general advertisement campaigns (e.g. TV ads) to specific and tailored information provided to specific groups of end-users Reference: Bertoldi 2017 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 140 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Peer energy comparison For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: The EU member states could regulate that energy suppliers must add information on comparative energy demands for heating and electricity on bills for households and businesses. Thus, energy customers can compare whether their energy consumption tends to be too high. Reference: Bertoldi 2017 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 141 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Real-time information about the energy consumptionDescription: Smart meters provide real-time energy consumption information and comparison to identify energy consuming activities and potentially reduce them. Reference: Best & Wagner 2020 p. 74-77 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 142 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Monitor and control externalisation of environmental damage | Regulation/standards for energy importsDescription: Import of energy carriers only if legally defined sustainability standards are met and if they are additionally produced renewables Reference: German Zero p. 90f |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 143 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Reduce barriers (policies, legislation, cultural) for sufficiency | Eliminate barriers for wood-useDescription: Reduce barriers that hinder the use of durable wood products (building regulations or regulations or technical material properties) References: • NECP DE p. 137 • LTS DE p. 69 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 144 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of environmentally harming materials | Tax non-recyclable materialsDescription: Reduce non-recyclable plastic; higher fees on the production of materials which are difficult to recycle Reference: NECP IE p. 74 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 145 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Ban waste exportsDescription: Complete ban on exporting waste out of the EU Reference: German Zero p. 131 |
long | avoid | regulation | |
| 147 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Liability for waste export violationsDescription: Extend liability for violations: Liability under administrative offenses should be introduced for cases in which waste export companies violate the due diligence obligation. Reference: German Zero p. 131 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 148 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Ban destruction of returned goodsDescription: Prohibition of destruction of returned goods. As of today, the destruction of returned goods (e-commerce) is often the cheapest option. This instrument would clearly ban the destruction of returned goods. In Germany, a legal option for a ban is given in the context of the Verordnungsermächtigung in § 24 Nr. 10 KrWG. References: • German Zero p. 132 • CA AT p. 68 |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 149 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase transparency of environmental impacts | Include material consumption in labelling | Product label environmental footprintDescription: Cumpulsory ecological product labelling including environmental life cycle footprint; unified labelling system showing the ecological footprint of all products purchased in the EU (products from outside the EU need to respect this labelling system in a transparent manner) References: • German Zero p. 133f • CA DK p. 21 • CA EU p.5 |
medium | general | information |
| 150 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase transparency of environmental impacts | Increase reliance and meaningfulness of labels | EU-wide unification of monitoring systems for life cycle information of productsDescription: Establishing an EU-system for tracking the life cycle of a product Reference: German Zero p. 134 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 151 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Information, Eco-WarrantyDescription: Obligation for product warranty statement formulated in an understandabel manner by the manufacturer Reference: German Zero p. 138 |
medium | general | information |
| 152 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Mandatory disclosure on the minimum lifetime and expected lifespan of a product Description: Manufacturers should be required to declare the expected lifespan of their products; Implementation of a warranty obligation for manufacturers: In order to ensure a product policy that conserves resources in the long term, a guarantee obligation for manufacturers should be implemented. A new Section 443a BGB should be inserted for this purpose.
Warranty declaration: Furthermore, a Section 443b BGB should be added, which defines the formal and content requirements for the warranty statement obligation from Section 443a (1) BGB
References: • German Zero p. 139 • CA EU p.10 |
medium | general | information |
| 153 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | No choice between repair vs. new productFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Not the consumer, but the producer decides whether a product can be repaired or needs to replaced. Reference: German Zero p. 144f |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 154 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Joint liability of seller and producer/manufacturerDescription: Joint liability for products of seller and producer/manufacturer, based on a warranty declaration. Reference: German Zero p. 139 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 155 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Regulate repairability of productsFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Standards for reparability for several products (adjust Eco-Design-Directive), Products have to be designed in such a way that they can be repaired easily. A minimum requiry could be that products can be disassemble and reassembled in a non-destructive way and without special tools. References: • German Zero p. 140f • CA FR p. 68-74 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 156 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Access to spare partsDescription: Producers are obliged to provide access to spare parts and special tools for all actors including repair-initiatives, consumers; Longer mandatory provision of spare parts, repair instructions and software updates References: • German Zero p. 141 • CA FR p.68-74 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 158 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Access to affordable spare partsDescription: Producers are obliged to provide access to spare parts and special tools for all actors including repair-initiatives, consumers; Longer mandatory provision of spare parts, repair instructions and software updates References: • German Zero p. 141 • CA AT p. 68 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 159 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Minimal compatibility of softwareDescription: Minimum compatibility periods for new softwar with existing hardware. Reference: German Zero p. 161-162 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 160 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | VAT-reduction for repaired products & repair servicesFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Reduction of value-added tax for repair service and repaired products References: • German Zero p. 142 • CA EU p. 10 |
short | shift | economic |
| 161 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Repair bonusFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: A repair bonus is a suitable instrument for increasing the number of repairs and thus reducing the consumption of resources. It is designed to facilitate the uncomplicated repair of damaged items, while at the same time partially covering the costs of the respective repair. Reference: German Zero p. 143 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 162 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Regulate product replacementDescription: "Selbstvornahme" repair by customer – paid by seller/manufacturer Reference: German Zero p. 145 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 163 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Obligation for reusable packagingDescription: Obligation to offer reusable packaging, e. g. reusable alternatives in the take-away sector, and deposit fee for reusable beverage cups and reusable food packaging. References: • German Zero p. 146f • CA UK p. 347 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 164 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of environmentally harming materials | Ban microplasticsFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: European ban on added microplastics in all products Reference: German Zero p. 150 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 165 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of fossil fuels | No subsidies for material uses of fossil fuelsDescription: Expiration of the tax exemption for material uses of fossil fuels (not used as heating or fuel). Reference: German Zero p. 152 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 168 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Establishing a Circular Economy StrategyDescription: Circular Economy Strategy: establishing an institutional framework and incentives for Circular Economy. Strategies: reduce material consumption, intensify use of products, material substitution, close resource cycles References: • NECP GR p. 108 • WWF & Oeko-Institut 2022 |
long | shift | other | |
| 169 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Subsidise Zero Waste Shops and Green CornersDescription: In order to reduce the production of waste and GHGs, a non-repayable economic contribution is allocated for the trial of ‘refill stations' and ‘green corners’ in city shops; here loose or on-draught products are sold, starting with smaller establishments with a view to eventually opening entirely ‘green’ shops; References: • NECP IT p. 130 • CA AT p. 69 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 170 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of environmentally harming materials | Launch awareness raising campaignsDescription: Information, training and awareness-raising campaigns in schools etc. to reduce the use of disposable plastics and non-recyclable packaging Reference: NECP IT p. 130 |
short | avoid | information |
| 171 | Industry / Production – I | Revitalise interest in local production | Introduce a label for local productsDescription: Introduce a logo for products designed/manufactured/grown/repaired in a city or region to increase interest in local production and reduce transport kilometres. Reference: NECP BE p. 127 |
short | shift | information | |
| 172 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to consumption | Marketing ban for energy-intensive domestic appliances Description: Ban on the marketing of energy-intensive domestic appliances Reference: NECP BE p. 127 |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 173 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Lighting ban (night)For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Different options/combinations possible: obligation to swich off lights in offices after leaving, of buildings/monuments and in shops at night, of illuminated advertising Reference: French Ministry of Ecological Transition 2021 |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 174 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Ban ads in public spaceDescription: Implementation of advertising bans. References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • CA AT p.86 |
short | general | regulation | |
| 175 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Limit or ban advertisement in public space: Cap & trade adsDescription: Implementation of advertising quotas and trading of advertising rights. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | general | economic | |
| 176 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Ban advertisments for children under 12Description: Advertisement is used to influence consumption. Experts widely agree that children below the age of 12 cannot effectively recognise advertising and are not yet able to adopt critical attitudes towards it. Reference: Sustainable Prosperity Database |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 177 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Provision of data for open source production of spare partsDescription: Manufacturers are obliged to provide data that allows consumers to repair items on their own instead of buying new ones in case of single broken parts. The manufacturer may charge a reasonable fee for providing information. This may reduce the level of consumption and new skills can be learned. References: • Sustainable Prosperity Database • German Zero p. 141 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 178 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | No agricultural use of wetlands | Regulate use of wetlands (no agricultural use)Description: Prohibition of agricultural use (exception: paludiculture). Areas to be secured by means of cataster registration. References: • German Zero p. 421 • CA DE p. 66 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 179 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | No agricultural use of wetlands | Exclude agricultural use of wetlands from agricultural subsidies (EU policy)Description: Restructure land-based subsidies in EU common agricultural policy: phase out subsidies for agricultural use of drained wetlands, inclusion of paludiculture as fully subsidy-receiving. Additional financial support for switch to paludiculture. Reference: German Zero p. 422 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 180 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | Increase areas not used by agriculture | EU regulation on minimum share of areas outside agricultural useDescription: Increase minimum share of areas outside agricultural use fom 5 to 10%, as mandatory share for all farmers Reference: German Zero p. 435 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 181 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Support inner-city green areas | Extend/establish protected areas in citiesDescription: Open spaces in cities, such as green belts, are essential for air quality, the regulation of the local climate and the quality of life. In order to safeguard them, these areas can be designated as protected areas, subject to a ban on building and sealing. Better connections between those areas would constitute a significant improvement for biodiversity, enabling fauna and flora to circulate without barriers such as roads and buildings. Reference: Fuhrhop 2017 |
medium | avoid | other |
| 182 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | IT equipment subsidies for working from homeDescription: For self-employed and employers, ICT equipment already count as expenses for tax base calculation (mature, but baseline). In addition, dedicated teleworking equipment (conferencing hard and software, cloud services etc) could be subsidised. References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 81 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 183 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Subsidised energy billsDescription: Voluntary agreements of employers to additional pay, returning saved energy costs at the company; or legal obligation for employers (would likely disincentivise teleworking). References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 82 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 184 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Company tax credits for teleworkingDescription: Companies receive a tax credit per commuting km not travelled by their employees due to teleworking. This instrument may be financed by a fraction of the commuting flat-rate subsidy, and partially passed to employees for additional energy expenses at home. References: • CA ES p. 74 • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 83 |
short | avoid | economic |
| 185 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Better information of employers/employees on communiting impacts | Information campaign commutingDescription: Governmental campaign informing employees and employers and raise awareness on communiting impacts References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 86 |
short | avoid | information |
| 186 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Training for teleworkDescription: The Covid-19 pandemic situation has demonstrated, that with urgency, teleworking can be made possible. But employees need training for an efficient teleworking. Workshops, external coaching and training for teleworking and cloud tools can help to improve efficiency and can thus be subsidised. References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 88 |
medium | avoid | education |
| 187 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Right to work from home for civil agentsDescription: Right to working from home (e.g. 50%) in public administration, ministries etc., implement necessary hard and software solution to enable teleworking. References: • CA DE p. 49 • CA LU p. 14 • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 89 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 188 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Teleworking agreements with companiesDescription: Voluntary agreements with companies to stimulate and facilitate teleworking References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 90 |
short | avoid | voluntary agreements |
| 189 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Increase available broadband infrastructure | IT Infrastructure regulation & investmentDescription: Regulatory framework enabling and stimulating investments in broadband IT infrastructure References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 80 |
long | avoid | regulation |
| 190 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce commuting trips | Innovation subsidiesDescription: Innovation subsidies for avoided commuting References: • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 84 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 191 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce motorised delivery kms | Micro-hubs for delivery | Micro-hub promotionDescription: Promotion of micro-hubs for courier, express and parcel services, terminals in combined transport with automated loading. References: • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 86 • CA AT p.86 • CA ES p. 17 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 192 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Right to work from homeFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: New regulatory framework for 50% of working time is free to choose between office and home office, orientation at FI Working Time Act. Including regulation for breaks and rest, securing leisure times. References: • CA DE p. 49 • German Zero p. 209 • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 33f • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 79 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 193 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce business trips | Infrastructure improvementDescription: Necessary advancement of digital infrastructures for tele-meetings (glas fibre connection expansion, 5G network). References: • German Zero p. 210 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 70 |
long | avoid | fiscal |
| 194 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce business trips | Travel cost regulations (public & company)Description: Regulatory framework for travel costs (obligatory changes for internal travel cost directives in companies and public admin. travel cost regulations). References: • German Zero p. 210 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 70 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 195 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Promotion of teleworking | Tax acknowledgement of expenses for working from homeDescription: Flat-rate acknowledgement of expenses for working from home of 5€/day (with potential yearly maximum) References: • German Zero p. 210 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 70 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 196 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Transit-oriented space planning | Space planning urban/ruralFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Climate/energy targets in space-related planning concepts to reduce transport demands; integrated planning; short paths are actively travelled by walking or cycling; creating short paths through local economies, intelligent urban planning and strengthening of city centres, Transit-oriented development (TOD), see Copenhagen example, SUMPs References: • NECP AT p. 116 • CA LU p. 14 • CA UK p. 70, 72 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 48 |
long | avoid | other |
| 197 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Reduce education trips | (Re-) opening of local education facilities (local schools)Description: Re-opening of local schools (reversion of closures). To be elaborated further. Reference: Transport model logic |
long | avoid | fiscal |
| 198 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Reduce education trips | Opening of public and support of private childcare initiatives in villagesDescription: Childcare facilities also in villages (opening of public, support of private initiatives) Reference: Transport model logic |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 200 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Transit-oriented space planning | Incentives for local/decentral shops, excess charges for traffic-inducing decentralised shopsDescription: Incentives for local/decentral shops, e.g. reduced taxation, rent subsidies, free coaching; excess charges for traffic-inducing centralised shops References: • CA LU p. 14 • CA UK p. 15, 70, 72, 100 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 201 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Reduce medical trips | Securing/incentivising decentral medical (general & specialised, hospitals) & elderly careDescription: Securing/incentivising decentral medical (general & specialised, hospitals) & elderly care. Over the last decade, specialised medical care was less available in rural areas than urban centres, general medical care has done less home visits despite increasing numbers of more elderly in need. This probably drives up trips and could be countered by reversing the trend through respective changes to the regulation and incentive framework for medics (Struman et al. 2021). Reference: Transport model logic |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 202 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Re-assignation of parking spacesFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Re-assignation of parking spaces to other uses. Requires changes to departmental road regulations that currently require roads to be "not necessary" for transportation or "major public interest", if spaces should be turned to other uses. Reference: German Zero p. 232f |
medium | shift | regulation | |
| 203 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | General restriction of allowed parkingFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: At present, parking is principally allowed on public grounds (common use of public space), if not explicitly prohibited. This policy at regional level would exclude parking from the definition of common use (Gemeingebrauch), leading to allowed parking only in especially designated spaces instead of generally allowed with designated prohibition. Reference: German Zero p. 231, SRU p. 368 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 204 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Red. obligatory parking space/appartmentFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Elimination of obligatory parking space per apartment in departmental regulations (example department Berlin) References: • German Zero p. 231 • |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 205 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Less privileged parking space planningDescription: Reduction of public garages by elimination of national law giving the possibility for local administrations to privilege garages and parking lots in certain areas Reference: German Zero p. 231-232 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 206 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Residents parking fee increaseFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Increase of parking fees for local residents, ideally in the federal "Gebührenordnung für Maßnahmen im Straßenverkehr", with a minimum tariff and local variability. Proposed minimum tariffs are doubling the current tariffs; SUVs/heavy vehicles should pay more. Socially-just design: graduation of rates based on income. References: • German Zero p. 232 • Matthias et al. 2020 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
short | shift | economic | |
| 207 | Transport – T | Reduce private use of company cars | Company car taxation reformDescription: Tax set off in companies for cars only for low-emissions/consumption cars (possibly no set off for privately used cars), taxation of non-cash benefits (or full exclusion of set off for privately used cars), private use-km dependent taxation References: • German Zero p. 214ff • Böcker 2020 p. 24 |
medium | avoid, shift | economic | |
| 208 | Transport – T | More shared mobility | Incentivising regulation for ride sharing/poolingDescription: Local regulation of tariffs (secure tariffs above public transport where public transport available. However, in rural areas, where public transport is not available secure economic tariffs), special parking & lane use rights References: • German Zero p. 246f • Martin et al. 2020 p. 50 |
long | avoid, shift | regulation | |
| 209 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce commuting trips | Cancellation of commuting allowanceDescription: Cancellation of commuting allowance, hardship provision necessary. Replacement by increase of personal tax base exemption to benefit all or cross-subsidy of public transport tickets and public transport expansion. See also ID 65 (buildings sector) Reference: German Zero p. 211ff |
short | avoid | economic |
| 210 | Transport – T | Infrastructure investment shift to public transport | Legal moratorium for road expansionDescription: Moratorium for new roads and expansion (LU: especially city bypasses), with only qualified exeptions. Requires a legal moratorium in the federal law for long-distance roads, a reform to the legal basis for road expansion needs planning and respective implementation in the national transport planning ("Bundesverkehrswegeplan"), including application of transparent CBA. As well, departmental road laws need to be reformed accordingly. References: • German Zero p. 229 • CA LU p. 14 • CA UK p. 67, 70, 72 |
long | avoid, shift | regulation | |
| 211 | Transport – T | Infrastructure investment shift to public transport | Legal basis for infrastructure needs planning (national)For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Missing legal standards for BVWP, that defines as annex to FStrAbG the network expansion plans. Incl. barriers to road network expansion through CBA and no-better-alternative clause. Requires a reform to the legal basis for road expansion needs planning and respective implementation in the national transport planning ("Bundesverkehrswegeplan"), including application of transparent CBA. As well, departmental road laws need to be reformed accordingly. Reference: German Zero p. 229f |
long | avoid, shift | regulation | |
| 212 | Transport – T | Infrastructure investment shift to public transport | Legal basis for infrastructure needs planning (regional)Description: Equivalent implementation in departmental road expansion laws. Reference: German Zero p. 230 |
long | avoid, shift | other | |
| 213 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Infrastructure restriction for airports | Airport expansion moratoriumDescription: Moratorium for airport expansions References: • CA FR p. 252 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 49 • CA UK p.129 |
medium | avoid, shift | regulation |
| 214 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | More competences for local administration in infrastructure planningDescription: More competences for administration to change infrastructures, bicycle zones, bicycle "green waves" References: • German Zero p. 234 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
medium | shift | other |
| 215 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Expansion of cycling infrastructure and better framework conditionsDescription: Expansion of cycling infrastructure (roads and parking) and better framework conditions. Complement: cycling hiways, Seitenstreifen, bridges. Enable setup of bike-preferential roads (currently only possible, where bicycles are already dominating, not with the aim of enabling cycling). References: • German Zero p. 234 • NECP DE p. 95 • SRU 2020 p. 356 • CA FR p. 172 • CA LU p. 14 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 216 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Active mobility fundDescription: Active Mobility Fund: creation of a €350 million cycling fund to fight against cycle path breaks etc., make cycling safer (secure parking, marking bikes against theft, bike locks at traffic lights, etc.) References: • NECP FR (EN) p. 57, 66 • CA DE p. 49 • CA ES p. 41 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 217 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling & walking | Reorientation of legal basis of road laws (include climate)Description: Reformulation of targets of road regulation (StVG): not only danger reduction, but respect to needs of cycling/walking, climate and environment (national/departmental level) Reference: German Zero p. 223 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 218 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Mandate increased staff/budget at local levelDescription: National setting of minimum requirement for staff and budgetary resources at local level Reference: German Zero p. 234 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 219 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Bicycle priority streetsDescription: Reformulation of road regulation (StVO) to allow traffic restrictions (especially space assignation to bike lanes) also if not necessary for danger avoidance Reference: German Zero p. 234 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 220 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Green wave for bikesDescription: Reformulation of road regulation (VwV-StVO) to provide green wave for bicycles instead of cars Reference: German Zero p. 234 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 221 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Opening up one-way streets for bicyclesDescription: Allowing bicycles to ride against one-way roads (including enabling changes to StVO) Reference: German Zero p. 234 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 222 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote walking | Minimum sidewalk widthDescription: min. 2.5m sidewalk width References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 • CA AT p. 85 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 223 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote walking | Quality improvementDescription: Benches, trees, parks (initially pop-up and small-scale, then longer-term implementation), safety References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 • CA SC p. 40 |
short | shift | other |
| 224 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote walking | Facilitate implementation of zebra crossingsDescription: Lowering of barriers for zebra and other crossing implementation in StVO (from currently 50 walks + 200 cars per peak hour) References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 225 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote walking | Elimination of mandatory sidewalk useDescription: Allowed exception from mandatory use for narrow, bad shape, badly lit, dirty or ice-covered sidewalks. Securing respective walking areas on roads. References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 226 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote walking | Adequate green phasesDescription: Adequately long and frequent green phases, especially at senior residences and kindergardens. Elimination of pedestrian red light crossing as law infringement, when no cars are in sight. References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 227 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Active mode security | Higher sanctions for road rule infringementsDescription: Higher fees for road rule infringements: fees according to income, "Flensburg points", effective sanctioning References: • German Zero p. 235 • Martin et al. 2020 p. 51 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 228 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Air travel banFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Various proposals: EU: <600km air travel ban within EU FR: ban if satisfactory low-carbon alternaive <4h available References: • German Zero p. 269 • CA FR p. 252 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 229 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Domestic air travel banDescription: Domestic air travel ban Reference: German Zero p. 269 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 230 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Federal train service coordination/planning, incl. night train servicesDescription: Federal coordination securing frequent night train services to replace short-/medium-distance flights References: • LTS AT p. 54 • NECPs: AT p. 111, SE p. 53 |
medium | shift | other |
| 231 | Transport – T | Car-free city centers | Car access restrictionFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Access restrictions and environmental zones for zero-emission vehicles, entry restrictions for internal combustion vehicles References: • CA EU p. 12 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 • DLR • CA AT p.86 • CA UK p. 92 |
medium | shift | regulation | |
| 232 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce commuting trips | Mandatory company mobility managementFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Mandatory mobility management for companies & public administration with 200/300+ employees. Includes mobility data collection, action plan with targets and responsibilities. References: • German Zero p. 215 • SRU 2020 p. 363 • CA FR p. 235 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 233 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce commuting trips | Employer voluntary agreement incl. co-financing and support for working from homeDescription: (Voluntary) Climate Agreement (as 2019 closed in NL) with employers to reduce car transport and cycling increase, additional co-financing, support in home-office Reference: NECP NL p. 55 |
medium | shift | voluntary agreements |
| 234 | Transport – T | Higher cost of car use | Road chargeDescription: Introduction of road charges (ideally km-, time-/traffic-dependent) until 2027 for internalising road infrastructure costs. Ideally implementation of a unified charge at EU level, otherwise national. The charge should cover the entire road network, differentiate tariffs by GHG and other emissions (polluter pays principle). Tariffs could also differentiate traffic volumes (high traffic zones with higher tariffs) and e.g. exempt rural zones where no public transport alternative exists. For implementation details see SRU/GermanZero References: • German Zero p. 223 • SRU p. 377 • CA UK p. 93 |
medium | shift | economic | |
| 235 | Transport – T | Higher cost of car use | City road chargeFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: If an EU/national road charge cannot be implemented rapidly, an interim solution is to charge roads locally, especially in urban centers. This requires the permission for local administrations. Various urban road charging modes exist, the choice should then be taken at local level, respecting local specificities. The instrument can also be first implemented as an experiment before a public voting (see Stockholm example). Option: use revenues for subsidising public transport. References: • German Zero p. 226 • Matthias et al. 2020 • SRU 2020 p. 357 • CA AT p.86 • CA SC p. 43 |
medium | shift | economic | |
| 236 | Transport – T | Reduce accompanying trips, shift to bus for school students | Free school transportDescription: Free school transport for all primary and secondary school students and free use of public transport for youths and students between 16-20 years old Reference: NECP MT p. 74 |
short | shift | fiscal | |
| 237 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Digital parking controlsDescription: Use of scan-vehicles (and respective legal basis) instead of manual control, or sensor-based parking management, including dynamic pricing (according to parking situation, traffic situation, urbanisation density) digitalised tickets References: • German Zero p. 232 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 • SRU 2020 p. 371 |
medium | shift | regulation | |
| 238 | Transport – T | Reduction of parking traffic | Support of parking management systemFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Financial support for local introduction of sensor-based, intelligent parking management systems Reference: Transport model logic |
medium | shift | fiscal | |
| 239 | Transport – T | Relieve disadvantage of public transport users | Car tax reformFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Car tax reform (mobility budget as tax exemption of the size of company car privilege that does not further put in disadvantage people not using a car) References: • NECP LU p. 85 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 • CA FR p. 163-168 |
medium | shift | fiscal | |
| 240 | Transport – T | Disincentivise car aquisition/ownership | Mobility VoucherDescription: Introduction of a mobility voucher (up to 1500€) for public transport tickets in return for old vehicle (EURO3 or older) Reference: NECP IT p. 139 |
short | shift | fiscal | |
| 241 | Transport – T | Disincentivise car aquisition/ownership | Car admission taxFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Introduction of car admission tax (potentially levied together with yearly car tax). Based on: -energy consumption (also incl. future EVs), weight -exclude EVs until market ramp-up -step-wise phase-out of buyer premia References: • German Zero p. 218f • CA LU p. 14 |
medium | avoid | economic | |
| 242 | Transport – T | Higher cost of car use | Yearly car taxDescription: Tax level orientation: CO2-/energy consumption-/weight, inflation-indexing, immediate implementation.
This automobile taxation reform targets the replacement of buyer premia and contains 3 elements:
-revising tax levels and orienting them progressively at CO2 intensity (esp. for company cars), see GZ 217 and cited sources for more specific tariff formulations
-reflecting weight in taxation: promoting smaller/lighter and more efficient cars that have less utilisation impact on road infrastructure with lower tax levels (disincentivising E-SUVs)
-inflation-indexing: curently, taxes are set in absolute values that devaluate with inflation. Inflation-indexing would counter this development
These elements should be introduced immediately, also to disincentivise existing high-emission vehicles.
AT: progessive tax rates for second+ cars References: • German Zero p. 217f • CA AT p.86 |
medium | avoid | economic | |
| 243 | Transport – T | Disincentivise car aquisition/ownership | Elimination of buyer premiaDescription: elimination of all vehicle buyer premia (incl. EV), step-wise phase-out Reference: German Zero p. 219 |
medium | avoid, shift | fiscal | |
| 244 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Make public transport more attractive | Investment in public transport efficiency increaseDescription: More efficient transport technologies (also trains) References: • NECP ES (EN) p. 135f • CA UK p. 15, p. 80, p. 89 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 245 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Revision of legal basis, line reactivationDescription: Reactivation of lines, for this instrument, first the legal basis has to be adapted (Änderung des Bundesverkehrswegeplans auch das Bundesschienenwegeausbaugesetz, die Leistungs– und Finanzierungsvereinbarung (LuFV) sowie ggf. das Schienengüterfernverkehrsnetzförderungsgesetz und das Gemeindeverkehrsfinanzierungsgesetz). Reference: German Zero p. 239 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 246 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Cost-benefit assessment and reactivation fundsDescription: Reactivation of lines, incl. transparent cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Transparent CBA has to be conducted and necessary funds to be provided by the federal government. Reference: German Zero p. 239 |
long | shift | fiscal |
| 247 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Target network plan and timetableDescription: GermanZero proposes an encompassing policy package to improve long-distance rail services in terms of network coverage and service frequency. In essence, the proposal is to switch to a concession model in analogy to public transportservice contracting for local public transport and as done by all other EU member states. The package involves 4 policy actions:
-Definition of a target rail network and timetable (with higher network density and service frequency "Deutschlandtakt")
-National coordinating institution setup within the ministry of transport who contracts rail services and secures the mid/long-term service provision
-Concrete service provision definition by the federal state (above institution) to secure full territorial service coverage (irrespective of financial attractiveness of routes) and including night train services
-Necessary enactment of a long-distance passenger transport law and adaptions to the Eisenbahnregulierungsgesetz (ERegG) and air transport law (LuFV).
Citizen Assembly DE proposes Expansion of rail infrastructure as priority before road: at least hourly connections on all relations until 2035, integrated ticketing with rail & car References: • German Zero p. 241ff • CA DE p. 48 • CA UK p. 104 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 248 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Legal obligation for public transport frequencyDescription: Public transport frequencies: all stops at least every hour every day, half-hourly on weekdays. Obligation for local public transport tenderers to tender hourly services. Securing of federal finance. Make this obligatory task for local administrations. Reference: CA DE p.47 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 249 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Legal obligation for public transport availabilityDescription: Public transport as public welfare provision: every village with public transport stop. Make this obligatory task for local administrations. Reference: CA DE p.47 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 250 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Public transport funding | Employer pay local public transport feeFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Employers pay 2.6% in urban centers, in rural regions 0.55% of wages. Higher contributions for facilities inducing more traffic (See FR: 0.55-2.6% of wage to finance local PT). Applicable only to employers >10 employees, exemption for 10 years after establishment. Reference: German Zero p. 244 |
medium | shift | economic |
| 251 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Public transport funding | Accessability fee for building ownersDescription: Introduce a one-time accessability fee for building owners to finance public transport connection (similar as other [gas, water, sidewalk, road] development fees). Replace existing obligation for parking lots Reference: German Zero p. 244 |
medium | shift | economic |
| 252 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | Lower network tariffsDescription: Lower rail network tarriffs by national support, e.g. orientation at marginal costs, or targeted rebates for new offers References: • German Zero p. 240 • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 253 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | VAT rebate for rail travelsDescription: Reduction of VAT for rail travel (some cases: only long distance) to level of public provision goods (7%); FR: from 10 to 5.5% References: • NECP DE p. 246 • CA FR p. 188 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 254 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | Ticket reform, price reductionDescription: Long distance public transport ticket reform: decreasing prices Reference: Transport model logic |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 255 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | Cheaper rail abonnementsDescription: Long distance public transport ticket reform: more economic route-abos and BC50, BC100 Reference: Transport model logic |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 256 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Public transport funding | Electricity tax reductionDescription: Lower rail electricity tax (currently 1.14ct/kWh, second-highest in EU) or dismiss (as in 8 other EU countries) Reference: German Zero p. 240 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 257 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Public transport funding | National grants for light rail constructionDescription: Grants for the establishment of light rail transits and further lines (DK: in Aarhus and Odense). In DE, expansion of existing light rail networks and establishment of new networks in urban areas. Reference: NECP DK p. 95 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 258 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | 365€ ticket or cheaperFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Local yearly public transport ticket @365€ or cheaper References: • Transport model logic • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 259 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | Free local public transport tickets, alternative financing, service expansionFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Generally free local public transport (tax financed). This instrument needs to be accompanied by infrastructure and service expansion to meet expectedly largely increasing public transport demand. SC: revise tendering procedures and prioritise subsidies to non-profit service providers. References: • CA SC p. 22 • Transport model logic • Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 88 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 260 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Network enhancement for overtaking long freight trainsDescription: In the German rail network, rails are often shared between short/long-distance passenger trains and freight trains. Especially slower and long (EU standard: 740m) freight trains need to be overtaken. Over the last years, parallel and overtaking tracks have rather been reduced. The network needs enhancement with respective overtaking tracks. Reference: German Zero p. 239 |
long | shift | fiscal |
| 261 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Increase multi-modality | P&R + mobility hubsDescription: Mandatory P&R facilities where sufficient bus connection is not possible. Incl. mobility hub (incl. car sharing). References: • CA FR, p. 172 • Transport model logic |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 262 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Inform population on climate effects of mobility (options) | Information campaign and platformDescription: Information campaign Climate 2050 and information platform containing target group-specific information explaining national climate policy (goal: citzens think and know about how to contribute personally to climate issues) References: • NECP DE p. 78f • CA SC p. 26 |
short | shift | not specified |
| 263 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase transparency of environmental impacts | Increase reliance and meaningfulness of labels | Label based on absolute valuesDescription: Labelling of car energy consumption: absolute values instead of value/weight (as in DE) Reference: German Zero p. 207 |
medium | avoid | information |
| 264 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Improve freight rail | Improve infrastructure | Improve rail interoperability (EU)Description: Improve digital signalling systems and interoperability (ETCS), and digital coupling/freight Reference: German Zero p. 239 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 265 | Transport – T | Higher cost of car use | Reform EU energy tax directiveDescription: Increase of minimum taxation, harmonisation References: • German Zero p. 223 • Faber et al. 2012 p. 7f, 28ff |
medium | shift, general | economic | |
| 266 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Attractive public transport prices | Higher taxes on fossil fuels, lower taxes on electricityDescription: Surcharge tax on top of energy tax for gas (rising) and electricity (falling). Current additional taxation scheme: Carbon tax for heat and transport sectors. Implemented within the "Brennstoffemissionshandelsgesetz" (BEHG) as tax ("fixed price") until 2025, then price corridor in ETS. Path and corridor see https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/199/1919929.pdf Art 1.2 Reference: NECP NL p. 63 |
medium | shift | economic |
| 267 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Less road space, more space for bicycles and pedestrians | Conversion of road space to bicycle & pedestrian infrastructureFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Conversion of road space to bicycle & pedestrian infrastructure (may be initially pop-up, then long-term implementation) Reference: Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 268 | Transport – T | Higher cost of car use | Eliminate environmentally harmful subsidiesDescription: Reduce all non-sustainable subsides: Fuels (diesel, aviation fuel), infrastructure (roads, airports), vehicles (company cars), flat-rate commuter allowance Reference: Wuppertal Institut 2020 p. 87 |
short | avoid | fiscal | |
| 269 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Active mode security | Turning assistant for freight vehiclesDescription: Turning assistant for freight vehicles to avoid collisions with cyclists Reference: German Zero p. 206 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 270 | Transport – T | T: Setting {sector} limits | Cap/reduce total transport emissions | Transport carbon budgetDescription: 5-year carbon budgets at the national level Reference: NECP IE p. 74 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 273 | Transport – T | T: Setting {sector} limits | Cap/reduce total transport emissions | GHG reduction targetsDescription: Effective transport emission reduction targets for 2025 and 2030, with targets increasing exponentially. Target year 2035 climate neutrality. Reference: German Zero p. 200 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 274 | Transport – T | T: Setting {sector} limits | Cap/reduce total transport emissions | ETS for transportDescription: Cap-and-trade for transport emissions (only delayed implementation possible) Reference: German Zero p. 46f |
medium | general | regulation |
| 275 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Increase multi-modality | Investments in infrastructure Description: Support of multi-modality through investment in infrastructure at mode nodes. Reference: Matthias et al. 2020 |
medium | general | fiscal |
| 276 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Aviation carbon taxDescription: Support Europe-wide initiatives to introduce standardised carbon pricing in the aviation sector References: • NECP BE p. 105 • CA AT p.87 • CA DE p. 51 • CA FR p. 252-257 • CA SC p. 43 |
medium | general | economic |
| 277 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Improve freight rail | Supportive regulatory framework | EU MS regulation harmonisationDescription: Shifting goods to rail is more beneficial the longer the distances. Germany should lobby for a reform of the 30-year old directive 92/106/EWG and 1072/2007/EG to define "combined transport" and "closest terminal" Reference: German Zero p. 248 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 278 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Improve freight rail | Improve infrastructure | Financial support of road-rail connectivity infrastructureFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Rail/road connectivity: Establish goods-shifting infrastructure at nodes for cost-efficient shift from/to road/rail. Investment in infrastructure and subsidies for interconnectivity. Example: AT Reference: German Zero p. 249 |
long | shift | fiscal |
| 279 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Improve freight rail | Improve infrastructure | Mandatory rail connectionDescription: Industry rail connection: designate new commercial/industrial zones only with rail grid connection if high transport volume to be expected References: • German Zero p. 255f • CA AT p.86 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 280 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce freight | Extend and increase freight tollFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: -Freight toll should cover all vehicles >3.5t and on all roads incl. buses to internalise external road costs. -differentiation of tariffs by emissions and electricity consumption -tariffs rising progressively by distance to incentivise shift to rail for longer distances -limit exemptions for EVs (only at very early market stage) -dispose of mandatory use of toll income for road construction (possibility to invest in rail/waterways) -lobby at EU level to be able to fully internalise external noise and pollution costs References: • German Zero p. 255f • CA AT p.86 |
medium | avoid | economic | |
| 281 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce freight | Reduce air freight | Air freight taxationDescription: The current air taxation only covers tickets, not freight. GZ proposes a taxation by weight or volume of air freight. Reference: German Zero p. 272 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 284 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Reduce income differences | Progressive Carbon TaxDescription: Tax rates increase with emission levels: tax rate r=0 for annual investments with a carbon content below 5tCO2e
per capita and r>0 for investments with a carbon content above this threshold. Under this schedule, the bottom 90% of the European population would not pay the tax at all; could be used to make the carbon tax regime more progressive and to raise additional revenues.
Reference: Chancel (2022): Global carbon inequality over 1990–2019. In: Nature Sustainability. p. 5-6 |
medium | general | economic |
| 285 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | Network coverage standardsDescription: Full-area covering and differentiated public transport coverage standards (as in Switzerland) References: • SRU 2020 p. 359 • CA UK p. 104 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 286 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Public transport funding | Higher national & departmental fundsDescription: Public transport capacity increases need additional funding for investments in infrastructure and higher frequencies. This requires additional funds from national level ("Gemeindeverkehrsfinanzierungsgesetz") and departmental/local administrations.
CA DE proposes: Reorientation of gov. funds: 70% to public transport and bicycle infrastructure (financed by scrapping of tax exemptions for motorised individual transport, CO2 taxation) for 5 years References: • CA FI p. 12 • SRU 2020 p. 360 • CA DE p. 48 • CA FR p. 188 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 287 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling & walking | Higher national & departmental fundsDescription: Per-capita financing of local administration (funds from departments) for walking and cycling infrastructure need to be increased. In Gemany, expenses are often too low (2.3€/cap Munich, 2.3€/cap Stuttgart), compared to e.g. Amsterdam (11€/cap) or Copenhagen (35€/cap). Reference: SRU 2020 p. 360 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 288 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling & walking | Quit legal prioritisation of cars over cycling/walkingDescription: Reform road traffic laws (StVO) to disincentivise car use by enabling restrictions also due to non-concrete dangers for cycling and walking (current practice) and environmental concerns, and eliminate free-floating car traffic as higher value. Road law should be complemented by a regulation to mention the target of traffic minimisation while not restricting mobility, covering all modes with a vision of zero traffic deaths and prioritising non-motorised transport modes. Reasons to enable traffic regulations (§6 Abs. 1 StVG) should include: health & environment, avoiding and reducing motorised traffic, support of local climate mitigation and adaptation, support of public transport, noise reduction. References: • CA EU p. 3 • SRU 2020 p. 366f, 372 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 289 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Parking pricing introduction and fee increaseDescription: Currently, for a general pricing of public space for parking, local authorities need to prove for every street the need for pricing with road traffic-related reasons. Availability of space, noise, emissions have been rejected as arguments for pricing. Road laws thus need reformulation to enable pricing also due to security, noise or other external effects. References: • SRU 2020 p. 369, 374 • CA AT p.86 |
short | shift | regulation | |
| 290 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Active mode security | Speed limit in citiesDescription: Limit standard speed to 30km/h as instrument to increase security for active modes, enabling mode shift. Side benefits include noise reduction, energy/emission savings. If politically not possible, at least enable local administrations to more easily designate 30km/h zones, for reasons of schools, noise, security. References: • SRU 2020 • CA DE p. 48 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 291 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Sufficiency Innovation | Funding for sufficiency research & consultancy | Create government institutions / intermediaries working on energy sufficiency, e.g. research, consultancy, communicationFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Government agencies can offer a wide array of services regarding energy sufficiency: in-house research, awarding third-party funding, communication services, monitoring, etc. Reference: MURE Database |
medium | general | other |
| 292 | Transport – T | Legal framework adaption | Prioritise public transportDescription: Prioritise public transport over motorised individual transport explicitly in road regulation (StVG, StVO). Enables e.g. bus lanes, access restrictions, public transport zones Reference: SRU 2020 p. 374 |
long | shift | regulation | |
| 293 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Reduce barriers (policies, legislation, cultural) for sufficiency | Ban quantity discountsDescription: Ban quantity discounts ("buy one, get one free") Reference: CA AT p. 74 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 294 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Regulate preservation of common goods | Fundamental basic right to climate protection Description: Individuals should be able to sue for adequate climate protection measures Reference: CA AT p.59 |
long | general | regulation |
| 295 | Transport – T | Reduce parking in public space | Restriction on surface sealingDescription: Reduce existing parking spaces; restrictions on surface sealing Reference: CA AT p. 64 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 296 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Avoid discounts | Ban quantity discounts Description: For example no more "buy one, get one free" Reference: CA AT p.74 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 297 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | EU rail harmonisationDescription: EU-wide harmonisation of railway infrastructure and operation Reference: CA AT p. 64 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 298 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: More equal wealth and income distribution | Reduce income differences | Climate bonus Description: Ease the entire additional burden of the CO2 price for lower and middle incomes; max. 50% of the revenues of CO2 price should be used for this Reference: CA AT p.64 |
medium | general | fiscal |
| 299 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Use of vacant buildings | Support the use of vacant buildings and offices for housingDescription: Facilitate the requisition of vacant housing and offices Reference: CA FR p.295-302 |
short | shift | other |
| 300 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Shift road to rail | Regulate road freight distance | Restrict freight road max distanceDescription: Maximum permissible distances for trucks ("from a certain number of kilometres shift to rail"). Reference: CA AT p. 64 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 301 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Disincentivise high energy consumption | Grid feeDescription: Energy intensive industries/household finance grid expansion and maintenance in relation to their energy consumption (high consumption => relative high burden) Reference: CA AT p. 64 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 302 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Use of vacant buildings | Support the use of vacant buildings and offices for housingDescription: Facilitating the utilisation, redevelopment and subsequent use of brownfield sites (building requirement), in particular through the possibility for municipalities to expropriate brownfield sites that have been neglected for 10 years or longer. Reference: CA FR p.295-302 |
medium | shift | other |
| 303 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Restrict advertisementsDescription: Restrict advertisements for products with negative climate impact (e.g. fossil-fuelled cars); Products with a low sustainability score should have a mandatory disclaimer in all forms of advertising that shows that they are harmful for the environment. For products that are not sustainable at all the EU should ban advertising. References: • CA AT p.69 • CA UK p. 84 • CA EU p. 11 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 304 | Transport – T | T: Reduce motorized individual transport | Legal framework adaption | Road speed limitsDescription: Speed limits (introduce or further restrict). All countries (exept DE) have introduced speed limits with multiple beneficial impacts. Proposals for limits or futher restrictions for highways/national roads/urban have been made and implemented. Examples: 120/100/30, 90/80/30. References: • CA AT p. 86 • CA DE p. 48 • CA FR p. 183 • CA UK p. 80, p. 87, and p. 89 |
short | general | regulation |
| 305 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Production | Ban certain products | Ban on all highly damaging goodsDescription: Ban on all highly damaging goods, if possible on global / EU level, not on country level Reference: CA AT p.69 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 306 | Transport – T | Disincentivise car aquisition/ownership | Car sharing promotionDescription: Promotion of Car-Sharing (private and commercial) Reference: CA AT p. 87 |
/ | avoid | fiscal | |
| 307 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Disincentivise high energy consumption | Mandatory energy auditsFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Mandatory energy efficiency audit for all companies and public facilities Reference: CA AT p. 65 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 308 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Sale of "over-the-date" food or passing to social marketsDescription: Ban food waste through sale of "over-the-date" food or passing to social markets Reference: CA AT p. 74 |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 310 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Permit and promote alternative housingFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Alternative housing, such as tinyhouses, ecovillages, prefabricated houses or shared flats, should be permitted and promoted by law and provided for in the PAGs of the municipalities. Reference: CA LU p.14 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 311 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Focus on quality of town centresDescription: Create thriving town centres by focusing on the conversion of existing properties into high quality housing and community spaces rather than building more edge of own developments. Reference: CA SC p.40 |
medium | avoid | not specified |
| 312 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Promote cycling | Bicycle acquisition incentiveDescription: Tax deductibility of bicycles Reference: CA AT p. 88 |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 313 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Internalisation of external costs and limits to externalisation | Monitor and control externalisation of environmental damage | Consumption-based accounting of GHG emissionsDescription: Information about the calculation basis and full transparency on what our total emissions are and how we can reduce them based on scientific evidence. This could include information on the CO2 that is not included in national emissions because some imported goods are produced abroad (example: soy-based animal feed from rainforest land in South America, which is used as feed in many conventional pig farms in Denmark) Reference: CA DK p.19 |
long | general | information |
| 314 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Climate-friendly cateringDescription: Mandatory climate-friendly catering (public and private) Reference: CA AT p. 74 |
/ | shift | regulation | |
| 315 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Reduction of over-production | Promoting new business models (e. g. CSA)Description: Reduce over-production by promoting new business models (e. g. CSA) Reference: CA AT p. 76 |
/ | avoid | fiscal |
| 316 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Obligation to also sell crooked productsDescription: Obligation for retailers to purchase all vegetables and fruits even if crooked Reference: CA AT p. 76 |
/ | avoid | regulation | |
| 317 | Transport – T | T: Promotion of active modes | Active mode security | Parking ban around schoolsDescription: Ban for stopping and parking for private cars within a radius of 300 metres around all schools and kindergartens or a roll-out of "school streets" (pilot projects in Salzburg and Vienna) Reference: CA AT p. 88 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 319 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Develop a growth independent economy | Alternative welfare measurement | Welfare goals in national accountsDescription: Our national accounts should be measured on factors other than solely economics: Life quality (social groups, good health, a sense that one is making a difference, freedom), longevity, sustainability, natural resources. Example: Statistics Denmark has already developed and calculated a green GDP model, welfare goals and resource consumption. The Government should accordingly publish an annual status report on these factors in connection with the publishing of the finance act with a view to increasing awareness of and providing an incentive for positive development. Reference: CA DK p.20 |
long | general | other |
| 320 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Short period for construction for building plotsDescription: A development period of 3 years will be introduced for plots dedicated for buildings. After expiry of this period, the land is automatically re-dedicated to grassland if no construction has taken place during this period. Reference: CA AT p. 80 |
long | avoid | regulation |
| 321 | Transport – T | Car-free city days | Car-free daysDescription: Monthly car-free day in all major cities Reference: CA AT p. 89 |
short | shift | regulation | |
| 322 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Use of vacant buildings | Tax vacant dwellingsDescription: Owners will be obliged to report vacant flats and houses and to pay a vacancy tax in the amount of the local rent (only for growing regions) Reference: CA AT p. 80 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 323 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Fee on returned goodsDescription: Charging for product returns in online commerce Reference: CA AT p. 87-88 |
medium | avoid | economic | |
| 324 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food packaging | Sale more packaging-free products | Packaging-free food saleDescription: Sale food without packaging using unit prices (to reduce packaging material) Reference: CA AT p. 74 |
short | avoid | not specified |
| 325 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Re-convert construction areas to greenlandDescription: Re-convert construction areas to greenland: Real estate companies and private investors have to pay an advanced development fee when buying greenland for developments, if existing buildings are vacant too long, areas have to be converted back to greenland Reference: CA AT p. 82 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 326 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Make trade regimes coherent with environmental targets | Integrate climate targets in trade agreements | Include climate goals in CETADescription: Renegotiate the CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement of EU and Canada) at European level to include the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement. Reference: CA FR p. 368-372 |
long | general | regulation |
| 327 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Make trade regimes coherent with environmental targets | Integrate climate targets in trade agreements | European trade policy reformDescription: Include the precautionary principle in trade agreements, include the respect of the Paris Agreement commitments as binding objectives, put an end to private arbitration tribunals, guarantee transparency and allow democratic control of negotiations. Reference: CA FR p. 368-372 |
long | general | regulation |
| 328 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Make trade regimes coherent with environmental targets | Integrate climate targets in trade agreements | Include climate and environmental clauses in trade negotiationsDescription: Defend positions at the WTO: take the Paris agreements into account in trade negotiations, introduce sanctions for recalcitrant states, include environmental clauses in trade agreement negotiations Reference: CA FR p. 368-372 |
long | general | regulation |
| 329 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Access to leftover foodDescription: Public fridges to store leftover food that needs cooling for use by others run by supermarkets References: • CA AT p. 77 • CA DE p. 68 |
short | avoid | not specified | |
| 330 | Transport – T | Car-free city centers | Car access restriction to city quarters ("Superblocks")For additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Access restrictions for cars and reorganisation of car use, one-way streets, creating "Superblocks" of about 3x3 blocks without pass-through transit. Accompanied by greening blocks, street furbishment and good public transport. Consecutive implementation of more superblocks. Reference: Ayuntament de Barcelona 2021 |
medium | shift | fiscal | |
| 399 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Sufficiency Innovation | Social Innovations/Research & Development for Sufficiency | Create real-world laboratories/regulatory sandboxesDescription: Create experimentation spaces for climate-friendly production and consumption ("real-world laboratories" or "regulatory sandboxes") Reference: CA AT p. 67 |
long | general | regulation |
| 282 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of fertilizer use | Reduction of mineral fertilizer use | EU wide emission trading for animal products and mineral fertilizer Description: Emission trading for animal products and mineral fertilizer including cap and stepwise reduction Reference: German Zero p. 408 |
long | avoid | economic |
| 283 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of fertilizer use | Reduction of organic fertilizer use | Regulate maximum livestock unit per hectareDescription: Upper limit of 1.5 livestock units per hectar (per farm) Reference: German Zero p. 408 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 331 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Shift road to rail | Reduce rail freight prices | /Description: Mode shift for freight rail to reduce road freight to 25% of today's volume: lower prices for freight rail Reference: CA DE p.48 |
medium | shift | not specified |
| 332 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Reduce short-haul business trips | Change travel cost lawDescription: avoid short-haul flights through a change in the national travel cost law: national flights only in exceptional cases with reasoning. (additional targets not backed up with instruments) Reference: CA DE p.51 |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 333 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce motorised delivery kms | Reduce fossil-fuelled delivery | Taxation of fossil-fuelled deliveryDescription: All petrol/diesel-fuelled distribution transport within large cities should be taxed via environmental labelling by 2030 in relation to their degree of pollution. Reference: CA DK p. 40 |
medium | shift | economic |
| 335 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce freight | Local production structures | Support local productionDescription: Support of local production and food processing installations to avoid transport and support local value added. References: • CA ES p. 26 • CA EU p. 2 • CA SC p. 35 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 336 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce freight | Local production structures | Price regulationDescription: Price regulation to protect local production and consumption. Reference: CA ES p. 77 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 337 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Financial support for shrinking regionsDescription: Population growth is one of the few ways for a municipality to improve its financial situation. Villages must also receive support in the future if they want to grow less and are located away from the development zones (CDA). Reference: CA ES p. 14 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 338 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Use of vacant buildings | Tax vacant dwellingsFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Building taxes are reduced for supporting the refurbishment of abandoned buildings. Reference: FULFILL p. 16 |
medium | shift | economic |
| 339 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Transit-oriented space planning | Securing local living spaceDescription: Guarantee social housing in all sectors to enable reduction in time and emission for transport Reference: CA ES p. 41 |
long | avoid | fiscal |
| 340 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce working days | Reduce standard workdays/weekDescription: Reduction of standard work week to 30/32h, i.e. 4 days to reduce commuting trips Reference: CA ES p. 74 |
long | avoid | regulation |
| 341 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Creation of reparation centers for prolonging the lifetime of productsDescription: Financial support for repair cafés, repair initiatives and so on. Reference: CA ES p. 12 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 342 | Transport – T | Limit motorized individual water navigation | Regulation on yachts, jetskiDescription: Limit motorised water navigation (jetski, yachts) for recreational purposes, esp. in ecologically sensible and touristic zones to protect waters Reference: CA ES p. 95 |
medium | avoid | regulation | |
| 343 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Impede new constructionFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Increase of taxes for new buildings in green fields Reference: FULFILL p. 16 |
short | avoid | economic |
| 344 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Phase-out of environmentally harming materials | Ban single-use plastics Description: Abolishment single-use plastics either generally (proposed in CA FR) or in certain locations like single-use bottles in mass events, touristic zones and take-aways References: • CA FR p. 68-74 • CA ES p. 13 |
/ | avoid | regulation |
| 345 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Shift to water transport | Development of maritime and river ways | Investment in waterwaysDescription: Develop maritime (and river) freight motorways, on specific routes Reference: CA FR p. 197 |
/ | shift | fiscal |
| 346 | Transport: freight – T-fr | T-fr: Reduce motorised delivery kms | Encourage short circuits | VAT reduction for short distancesDescription: Encourage the transport of goods on short circuits by modulating VAT Reference: CA FR p. 197 |
/ | avoid | fiscal |
| 347 | Transport – T | Disincentivise car aquisition/ownership | Premium for car scrappingFor additional info on this policy instrument please click here Description: Incentive scheme for dismissing a car without buying a new one Reference: FULFILL p. 16 |
medium | avoid | fiscal | |
| 348 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Documentation of food wasteDescription: Documentation of waste in public food places (sanctions if beyond limits) Reference: CA DE p. 68 |
short | avoid | regulation | |
| 349 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Debt relief for farmersDescription: Debt relief for farmers that switch from animal farming towards plant-based agriculture. Reference: Expert Interview |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 350 | Industry / Production – I | I: Phase-out of fossil fuels | Divestment in public and private finance | DivestmentDescription: -The reserves of the national pension fund and other public funds withdraw from fossil investments.
-Public and private funds can be evaluated by the extent to which they foster or hinder the energy transition. Reference: CA LU p. 16 |
medium | general | voluntary agreements |
| 351 | Buildings – B | B: Using existing buildings for living space | Protect existing buildings and living space | New Reconstruction lawDescription: 1. more flexible regulations for building in the existing stock
2. mandatory demolition permits with an obligation to consider the suitability of the building for redevelopment, and submission of a redevelopment plan
3. removal of parking requirements
4. healthy lighting and ventilation with the creation of high quality urban and open spaces
5. modification of the conditions for the approval of building products in favour of secondary components and building materials
6. the introduction of a material certificate for buildings to document the resources used for subsequent reuse
7. more stringent requirements for type approval -for the series production of buildings -,to anchor environmental and energy standards. Reference: A4F 2021 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 352 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Local production of fodderDescription: Compulsory production of a certain percentage of animal fodder on the farm where the animals are held. Additionally, the animals' manure has to largely remain on this farm. Such efforts towards closing the metabolic rift of huge farms in empty areas which perhaps import soy from south america and export manure to other states in Germany effectively reduces total numbers of animals regionally. Requires other measures to prevent a shift in production, such as an import ban on industrially farmed animal products. Reference: Expert Interview |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 353 | Industry / Production – I | I: Limits to consumption | Limit land-use with high water usage in areas with water scarcity | Regulation on golf and football areasDescription: Limit number and size of golf and football areas in zones with water scarcity (obligatory cost-benefit-analysis before creation, accounting for environmental impacts; prohibited in not-adequate zones like islands or already high density) Reference: CA ES p. 103 (No 167) |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 354 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Increase multi-modality | Smart ticketingDescription: Introduce standardised smart ticketing for public transport across the whole country – an ‘Oyster card for Scotland’. Reference: CA SC p. 22 |
/ | shift | regulation |
| 355 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Reduce import of fodder and animal productsDescription: Caps of imports of animal fodder (decreasing over time), increased socio-ecological standards for imports, and severe restrictions on imports of industrially farmed animal products Reference: Expert Interview |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 356 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Consumption | Avoid the need for certain products | Secure potable drinking waterDescription: Securing that tap water is potable, to avoid need for buying bottled drinking water Reference: CA ES p. 103 (No 167) |
medium | avoid | not specified |
| 357 | Industry / Production – I | I: Alternative economic development | Promote alternative frameworks in economic development | Introduce alternative economic frameworksDescription: Business and government adopt a measurement framework for success that incorporates sustainability, wellbeing and happiness alongside profit Reference: CA SC p. 44 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 358 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | Socio-ecological lease system for land | Criteria-based lease systemDescription: Introduce a criteria-based lease system which leases land to the person whose plans score the highest on a set of sufficiency-oriented or socio-ecological criteria, instead of allocating to the highest bidder. Reference: Expert Interview |
long | general | regulation |
| 359 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce living space | Sufficiency-oriented moving and living | Tax free home-sharingDescription: Enable a tax free home-sharing (law-proposal: § 3 Nr. 49 EStG-E) Reference: Fuhrhop 2023 |
short | avoid | fiscal |
| 360 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Ban air bonus programmesDescription: Eliminate frequent flyer and air mile bonuses to reduce the number of flights taken for business, encouraging the use of alternatives like video conferencing for meetings. References: • CA SC p. 38 • CA UK p. 16 and p. 124 |
/ | shift | regulation |
| 361 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Funding of Re-Use CentresDescription: Fund Re-Use-Centres where citizens can reuse, repair, recycle and more generally learn a new consumption model based on the principles of sustainability and solidarity. These centres are publicly funded and typically managed by social cooperatives. Re-Use Centres have the potential to bring citizens together around the topics of circularity and sufficiency, educating them and offering them relevant opportunities and activities. Reference: Part of "Frugal cities through Energy Efficiency and Low-tech communities" (FEEL) |
short | shift | fiscal |
| 362 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | No agricultural use of wetlands | Rewetting of peat soilsDescription: Regulation for rewetting peat soils targeting the speed of rewetting and total land area rewetted. References: • CA DK p.34 • UBA CARE p. 12 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 363 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Repealing §34 and §35 BauGB (only for Germany)Description: Currently, §34 and §35 allow new constructions in areas without a binding development plan. The new buildings only need to fit in the character of the surrounding buildings. To repeal these paragraphs would firstly ensure that no buildings are constructed without further evaluations (for usage or construction) which can be established in the binding development plans. Secondly, their removal would limit new constructions because of lacking workforce in the municipalities to develop the binding development plans (the lack of workforce is a major argument against repealing these paragraphs) Reference: Expert Interview |
short | avoid | regulation |
| 364 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Frequent flyer taxDescription: Discourage air travel by introducing acfrequent flyer tax or levy. References: • CA SC p. 43 • Stay Grounded • CA UK p. 16, p. 124 and p. 141 |
/ | shift | economic |
| 365 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to Production | Ban certain products | Resource efficiency targets and standardsDescription: This policy option would involve industry ensuring that it met certain levels of resource and/ or energy efficiency. For example, it might mean that products could only be sold if they met rules for how long they last, whether they can be repaired or reused, and/or how much energy or materials went into making them. Reference: CA UK p. 325 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 366 | Land-use & food – F | F: Steer and reduce agricultural area | Increase areas not used by agriculture | Subsidy systems (e.g. EU CAP) need to reward environmental servicesDescription: Re-orientation of existing subsidy system (EU, CAP) towards rewarding environmental services Reference: CA DE p. 66 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 367 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: work | Reduce commuting trips | Create new and support existing "Work Hubs"Description: Create new, and support existing, work hubs/ shared work facilities where someone can go to work, whether they are self employed or an employee. A widespread distribution of work centres would lead to a reduction in journeys, as the need to travel long distances to work would be reduced. This supports local life and reduces commuter trips. Reference: CA SC p. 41, 84 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 368 | Industry / Production – I | Revitalise interest in local production | Creation of time banksDescription: Creation of time banks for fostering local service exchange (to foster local commerce) Reference: CA ES p. 9 (No. 15) |
medium | shift | economic | |
| 369 | Industry / Production – I | I: Reduce waste | Company tax for recyclingDescription: Companies should be subjected to taxes and responsibility for production and recycling. Reference: CA DK p.31 (10.4) |
medium | avoid | fiscal | |
| 370 | Land-use & food – F | Production standards for imports | Ensure high environmental standards for importsDescription: Secure national production standards also for imports (meat, dairy products) (prevention of increase of imports) Reference: CA DE p. 67 |
medium | shift | not specified | |
| 371 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Set minimum guarantee periods by lawDescription: The EU should combat planned obsolescence by lengthening products’ warranty (EU Citizen Assebmly); The German Citizen Assembly proposed a min. warranty time of 10 years for electric appliances as well as an obligation for manufacturers to provide replacement parts (see ID 156) References: • CA EU p.10 • CA AT p. 67-68 • CA DE p. 41 • German Zero p.139 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 372 | Land-use & food – F | F: Ensure a planetary boundary compatible agricultural sector | Align funding with environmental criteria | R&D funds only for climate-friendly solutionsDescription: Orientation of public R&D funds at climate-friendly and sustainable agri-food system Reference: CA DE p. 67 |
long | general | research and development |
| 373 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Make public transport more attractive | Investment in public transport efficiency increaseDescription: Investment in high speed rail and alternatives to business travel Reference: CA UK p. 325 |
long | shift | fiscal |
| 374 | Land-use & food – F | F: Ensure a planetary boundary compatible agricultural sector | Set ambitious sectoral targets | New agriculture law in GermanyDescription: New agriculture law in Germany accounting for 1.5° Reference: CA DE p. 65 |
long | general | not specified |
| 375 | Transport – T | T: Reduce trips: local supply | Transit-oriented space planning | New buildings only with PT connectionDescription: Regulation to ensure that new houses can only be built with good public transport links. It would also involve including or putting back into local areas services such as post offices, local shops, health centres and schools. Reference: CA UK p. 15, 100 |
long | shift | regulation |
| 376 | Land-use & food – F | Increase locally grown food | Support of local food growers and supply chainsDescription: Support of local small-scale farmers, cooperatives and local food supply chains instead of agro-industry Reference: CA DE p. 66 |
medium | shift | not specified | |
| 377 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Limit supply | Air travel banDescription: Ban polluting private jets and helicopters, moving to electric technology as it becomes available Reference: CA UK p.125 |
short | shift | regulation |
| 378 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Make public transport more attractive | Bus priority lanes and stationsDescription: Increasing investment to make buses faster and more reliable. This would involve investment in bus priority lanes and better interchanges such as bus stations. Reference: CA UK p. 104 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 379 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Higher network density and frequency | On-demand transportDescription: Roll-out on-demand buses. This would involve buses in rural areas and smaller towns that you can call through an app or phone. These buses would pick you up from where you are and drop you where you need to go, or to another bus or rail interchange. Reference: CA UK p. 106 |
medium | shift | fiscal |
| 380 | Transport – T | T: Reduce air transport | Reduce holiday flights | Promotion of domestic holidaysDescription: Promote and incentivise national holidays. Reference: CA UK p. 16 and p. 124 |
long | shift | fiscal |
| 381 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Reduce urban sprawl | Reform of the distribution of taxes among municipalitiesDescription: Reform the distribution of taxes among municipalities such that it is no longer connected to the income of the inhabitants or the profit of enterprises, thus reducing a major compulsion for designating new development areas. Reference: Expert Interview |
long | avoid | economic |
| 382 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Diet shift | Review of food taxation schemeDescription: Higher taxation of climate-harmful products, lower taxation of climate-friendly products Reference: CA DE p. 67 |
short | shift | economic |
| 383 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Enable customers to repair products | Regulate spare part costsDescription: setting a maximum price for spare parts after the warranty period Reference: CA EU p.10 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 384 | Buildings – B | B: Sustainable urban- and settlement development without new sealing | Limit land consumption to net-zero | Impede new constructionDescription: New buildings may not be authorised if there are vacant buildings in the vicinity. Authorisation for the designation of new building areas could be linked to the existence of cadastres on the occupancy of flats and vacant buildings (see above). Only if these cadastres are available, the occupancy rate is high (or measures to increase the occupancy rate are implemented), the rate of vacant buildings is low and the municipality is actually growing, the municipality may designate new building areas.
In addition, a ban on any artificial designation of land could be imposed as long as the redevelopment of commercial, craft or industrial wasteland in the existing urban area is possible. References: • CA AT p. 79 • CA FR p. 295-302 • CA SC p. 20 • Expert Interview |
long | avoid, shift | regulation |
| 385 | Land-use & food – F | F: Increase regional food+feed production and processing | Production standards for imports | Carbon levy on animal feed Description: Institution of measures to reduce the import of animal feed such as soybeans to avoid carbon leakage. One potential solution could be via a carbon levy on animal feed that does not stem from CO2e-neutral production. Reference: CA DK p.34 |
medium | avoid | economic |
| 386 | Land-use & food – F | F: Extensify land-use to increase natural carbon sinks | Increase biomass in forests | Reduction in timber extraction, especially for hardwoodsDescription: Timber extraction can be reduced by 25% in comparison to business-as-usual by 2032 Reference: Öko-Institut (2018) p. 10 |
medium | avoid | not specified |
| 387 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Limits to production | Reduce ressource intensity | A socio-ecological tax reform which values work and highly prices resource useDescription: Decreasing taxes on labour while increasing taxes on resources. This would make resource-intensive products and services more expensive while decreasing prices of labour intensive services such as repairs. Reference: Expert Interview |
long | avoid | economic |
| 388 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of live stock | Reduction of animal farming and international trade of animal products | Climate consulting for farmersDescription: Offer climate consultants/expertise to farmers (both nationally and abroad) to ensure they receive the necessary knowledge to make an effective transition to more climate-friendly food production. Reference: CA DK p.37 |
medium | general | information |
| 389 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase durability of products | Larger market share of repaired & durable products | Prohibition of planned obsolescenceDescription: In case a law on the prohibition of planned obsolescence is already in place (e.g. France): Enforce the law; otherwise introduce, instrument and orchestrate and enforce such a law Reference: CA FR p. 68-74 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 390 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Regulate preservation of common goods | Prioritise water for human consumptionDescription: Prioritise water for human consumption and food production, including curbing the building and construction of water-intensive facilities (golf courses, theme parks...) and significant reduction of irrigation Reference: CA ES p. 27 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 391 | Transport – T | T: Improve public transport and multi-modality | Increase multi-modality | Creating a europe-wide public transport interfaceDescription: Establish a central backend interface for public transport, which app developers can access. For long-distance/international train travel this may need to be combined with legal changes, such as European through-tickets, to increase their reliability and security for passengers. Reference: Expert Interview |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 392 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Strengthen public and common goods | Regulate preservation of common goods | New law on ecocideDescription: Adopt a law that criminalises the crime of ecocide within the 9 Planetary limits, and which integrates the duty of vigilance and the crime of imprudence, whose implementation is guaranteed by the High Authority for Planetary Limits Reference: CA FR p. 399-405 |
medium | shift | regulation |
| 393 | Industry / Production – I | I: Exnovation | Phase-out of environmentally harming materials | Assessment of impacts from own business activities in accordance with new climate standardsDescription: Introduction of a "climate change law" for companies, which should come into force within the next five years. This should set valid benchmarks for measuring climate impact and require all companies to assess the carbon emissions of their business practices with regard to climate change (using different criteria depending on the size of the company). Establish an independent climate change regulator to carry out inspections and audits and ensure compliance. Reference: CA SC p. 21, 59 |
short | general | regulation |
| 394 | Industry / Production – I | I: Limits to consumtion | Avoid the need to buy certain products | Establish a network of ‘Resource Libraries’Description: Government support for local authorities to set up a nationwide network of "resource libraries" where citizens can borrow high-quality tools and equipment. These would be maintained and repaired by the library. Reference: CA SC p. 15, 49 |
medium | avoid | fiscal |
| 395 | Cross-sectoral – C | C: Sufficiency Innovation | Filter innovation support towards sustainability | Carbon phase out as precondition for innovation supportDescription: All support for innovation must be part of a logic to phase out carbon Reference: CA FR p.79-82 |
long | general | research and development |
| 396 | Land-use & food – F | F: Reduction of food waste / overconsumption and -production | Reduction of the consumption of climate harmful food and drinks | Taxation of carbon-intensive foodDescription: Tax ultra-processed products with a high carbon footprint and low nutritional value Reference: CA FR p. 390-394 |
short | shift | economic |
| 397 | Industry / Production – I | I: Increase transparency of environmental impacts | Include eco-labels in advertisments | Mandatory GHG-label in shops and advertismentsDescription: Make the display of greenhouse gas emissions mandatory in shops and places of consumption as well as in advertisements for brands Reference: CA FR p. 16-20 |
medium | general | regulation |
| 398 | Land-use & food – F | F: Extensify land-use to increase natural carbon sinks | Humus build-up in soils | Plant grass-clover leys on agricultural landDescription: Set-aside of fields and cultivation of grass-clover for one or more years to build up humus and store CO2 Reference: Jensen et al. (2022) |
medium | avoid | not specified |
| 400 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce minimum heating obligation | No minimum temperature for flat rentersDescription: flat renters do not neet to heat up to a certain minimum temperature (change of existing regulation) Reference: BMWK 2022 §3 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 401 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce minimum heating obligation | Private pool heating banDescription: Ban on heating private pools with gas or electricity from the grid Reference: BMWK 2022 §4 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 402 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce minimum heating obligation | Ban on heating non-office space in public buildingsDescription: Ban on heating space in public buildings if not destined for people to stay (exempt: medical/educational facilities or if needed for health reasons) Reference: BMWK 2022 §5 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 403 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce minimum heating obligation | Setting max. heating temperatures in public buildingsDescription: In public buildings, max. heat temperatures are set to limit heating energy consumption. Depending on work type: easy/sitting (19°), easy/stand-up (18°), medium/sitting (18°), medium stand-up/walking (16°), hard work (12°). Exeptions: medical/educational facilities or if needed for health reasons Reference: BMWK 2022 §6 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 404 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce hot water provision | Limitation/switch-off of hot water in public buildingsDescription: Where not necessary for hygiene reasons, switch off hot water facilities in public buildings. Exeptions: medical/educational facilities or if needed for health reasons Reference: BMWK 2022 §7 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 405 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce lighting energy consumption | Restrict public building illuminationDescription: Ban public building and monument illumination (with exceptions for security and emergency reasons). Exception for short-term illumination for events and for transport security. Reference: BMWK 2022 §8 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 406 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Raising awareness for the reduction of energy consumption | Obligation for energy providers to inform on cost prognosis and saving optionsDescription: Energy providers are obliged to inform households on the foreseen energy consumption, costs forecasts and savings potentials when reducing heating temperature by 1°C (equivalent to 6% energy cost savings). Reference: BMWK 2022 §9 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 407 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce energy waste | Obligatory shop door closuresDescription: Commercial buildings and shops are obliged to hold doors closed to reduce heat losses Reference: BMWK 2022 §10 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 408 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce energy waste | Shut-off commercials 22-16hDescription: Lighted advertisements or ad screens need to be shut off from 10pm to 4pm of following day. Reference: BMWK 2022 §11 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
| 409 | Buildings – B | B: Reduce energy consumption | Reduce minimum heating obligation | Reduction of minimum air temperature at workDescription: Depending on work type: easy/sitting (19°), easy/stand-up (18°), medium/sitting (18°), medium stand-up/walking (16°), hard work (12°). Exeptions: medical/educational facilities or if needed for health reasons Reference: BMWK 2022 §12 |
medium | avoid | regulation |
Visualisation of database entries
Number of policy instruments by sector
Number of policy instruments by instrument type
Number of policy instruments by sector and sufficiency type
Number of policy instruments by sector and instrument type
Suggestions and feedback
We regard the Sufficiency Policy Database as a collection of instruments which is supposed to be extended and built upon. We therefore appreciate suggestions and contributions regarding concrete policy instruments, with respect to the information provided by the database or concerning the functionality of the database as provided here.
Please get in touch: info [at] energysufficiency [Punkt] de.
Paper on the Policy Database
Best, B., Thema, J., Zell-Ziegler, C., Wiese, F., Barth, J., Breidenbach, S., Nascimento, L., & Wilke, H. (2022). Building a database for energy sufficiency policies [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research, 11(229).
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Overview of the references
Number of Source / Nummer der Quelle Source / Quelle URL
1
Architects 4 Future (2021). UMbauordnung für Deutschland, damit Bauen klimaneutral werden kann.
https://www.architects4future.de/portfolio/publikationen/umbauordnung-fur-deutschland-damit-bauen-klimaneutral-werden-kann#jetzt-lesen
2
Association négaWatt. (2017). Scénario négaWatt 2017-2050—Dossier de synthèse. Fondation Charles Léopold Mayer pour le progrès de l’Homme.
https://negawatt.org/IMG/pdf/synthese_scenario-negawatt_2017-2050.pdf
3
Ayuntament de Barcelona (2021). MESURA DE GOVERN SUPERILLA BARCELONA PER REGENERAR BARCELONA I ELS SEUS BARRIS.
https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/123221/1/Llibret_SUPERILLA_MdG_A4_web.pdf
4
Bertoldi, P. (2017). Are current policies promoting a change in behaviour, conservation and sufficiency? An analysis of existing policies and recommendations for new and effective policies. ECEEE.
https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/2017/
5
Best, B., & Wagner, O. (2020). Prepaid-Strom per Smartphone. Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen, 11, 74–77.
https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/7610/file/7610_Best.pdf
6
Böcker, M., Brüggemann, H., Christ, M., Knak, A., Lage, J., & Sommer, B. (2020). Wie wird weniger genug? Suffizienz
als Strategie für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. München: oekom verlag.
https://doi.org/10.14512/9783962388041
7
BürgerBegehren Klimaschutz e. V. (2021). Unsere Empfehlungen für die deutsche Klimapolitik. Schöpflin Stiftung, Open Society Foundations, GLS Treuhand, Postcode-Lotterie-Stiftung.
https://buergerrat-klima.de/content/pdfs/B%C3%BCrgerrat%20Klima%202021_Das%20B%C3%BCrgergutachten.pdf
8
Bürgerrat Klima
https://buergerrat-klima.de/downloadPdf/41
9
Chancel (2022): Global carbon inequality over 1990–2019. In: Nature Sustainability. p. 5-6
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00955-z
10
Citizen Assembly: Austria. ARGE Klimarat Oestereich, Klimaneutralität bis 2040: Die Empfehlungen. Tech-
nical Report, Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität,
Innovation und Technologie (BMK) - Oesterreich, Wien, 2022.
https://klimarat.org/wp-content/uploads/Klimarat-Endbericht-WEB.pdf
11
Citizen Assembly: Denmark. Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. The Citizens’ Assembly’s
Recommendations. Technical Report, Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and
Utilities, Dänemark, Kopenhagen.
https://en.kefm.dk/Media/637647201779892262/Borgertingets%20anbefalinger_ENG.pdf
12
Citizen Assembly: European Union. Conference on the Future of Europe, Conference on the Future of Europe
European Citizens’ Panel 3: ‘‘Climate Change and the Environment / Health’’
Recommendations. Technical report, Europäische Komission/EU, 2022.
https://futureu.europa.eu/rails/active_storage/blobs/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBZ0dsIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--e3ab619748ad45cdac68a6d1cf0004f1647f30ee/P3S3_voted_recommendations_FINAL_v%202022.01.10%2013%2030.pdf
13
Citizen Assembly: Finland. Ministry of the Environment of Finland. Final Report of the Citizens’ Jury on
Climate Actions, Technical Report, Ministry of the Environment of Finland,
Finnland,Helsinki, 2022.
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/163766/YM_2022_2.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
14
Citizen Assembly: France. Conseil Économique Social et Environnemental (CESE). Les Propositions de la
Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat, Technical Report, 2021.
https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Convention/ccc-rapport-final.pdf
15
Citizen Assembly: Germany. ifok GmbH, nexus Institut, I.P.G. Institut. Unsere Empfehlungen für die deutsche
Klimapolitik. Technical Report, Association Citzen Initiative Climate (Verein
BürgerBegehren Klimaschutz e.V.). Financed by foundations: Schöpflin Stiftung,
Open Society Foundations, GLS Treuhand, Deutsche Postcode-Lotterie-Stiftung,
Berlin, 2021.
https://buergerrat-klima.de/downloadPdf/41
16
Citizen Assembly: Ireland. The Citizens’ Assembly (An Tionól Saoránach), Third Report and
Recommendations of the Citizens’ Assembly/ How the State can Make Ireland
a Leader in Tackling Climate Change. Technical Report, 2018.
https://2016-2018.citizensassembly.ie/en/How-the-State-can-make-Ireland-a-leader-in-tackling-climate-change/Final-Report-on-how-the-State-can-make-Ireland-a-leader-in-tackling-climate-change/Climate-Change-Report-Final.pdf
17
Citizen Assembly: Luxembourg. Biergerkommitee Lëtzebuerg 2050. Unsere Empfehlungen an die Politik - Auf
dem Weg zu einem klimaneutralen Territorium. Technical Report, Luxemburg,
2022.
https://luxembourgintransition.lu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/BK2050_Brochure_DE.pdf
18
Citizen Assembly: Scotland. Scotland’s Climate Assembly, Scotland’s Climate Assembly Recommendations
for Action. Technical report, Scotland’s Climate Assembly, 2021.
https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20220321133037/https://www.climateassembly.scot/full-report
19
Citizen Assembly: Spain. Ministerio para la transición ecológica y el reto demográfico (MITECO),
Asamblea Ciudadana para el Clima: Una España más segura y justa ante
el cambio climático š Cómo lo hacemos? Technical report, Ministerio
para la transición ecológica y el reto demográfico (MITECO), 2022.
https://asambleaciudadanadelcambioclimatico.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Informe-recomendaciones-Asamblea-Ciudadana-Clima_ESP.pdf
20
Citizen Assembly: United Kingdom. Climate Assembly U.K., The Path to Net Zero: climate Assembly UK Full Report.
Technical report, House of Commons (with involve; Sortritition Foundation;
mySociety), 2020.
https://www.climateassembly.uk/report/read/final-report.pdf
21
EnSu - Energie-Suffizienz. (2020). First meeting of the EnSu Practice Advisory Board.
https://energysufficiency.de/beiraete/
22
Faber, J., Schroten, A., Bles, M., Sevenster, M., Markowska, A., Smit, M., Rohde, C., Dütschke, E., Köhler, J., Gigli, M., Zimmermann, K., & van ’t Riet, J. (2012). Behavioural climate change mitigation options and their appropriate inclusion in quantitative longer term policy scenarios.
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/system/files/2016-11/main_report_en.pdf
23
French Ministry of Ecological Transition (2021). Pollution lumineuse.
https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/pollution-lumineuse
24
Friends of the Earth Europe. (2018). Sufficiency. Moving beyond the gospel of eco-efficiency. Friends of the Earth Europe, Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and of the Federal Environment Agency of the Federal Republic of Germany, European Commission.
https://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/resource_use/2018/foee_sufficiency_booklet.pdf
25
Fuhrhop, D. (2017). „Bauverbot“ und Suffizienz im Stadtwandel. In F. Adler & U. Schachtschneider (Hrsg.), Postwachstumspolitiken (S. 293–304). oekom.
26
FULFILL (2022). Fundamental decarbonisation through sufficiency by lifestyle changes. Wuppertal Institut.
https://fulfill-sufficiency.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FULFILL_D4.1_final.pdf
27
Germany - Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU). (2019). Climate Action Plan 2050—Principles and goals of the German government’s climate policy.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-long-term-strategies_en
28
GermanZero e. V. (2021). Maßnahmen für ein 1,5-Grad- Gesetzespaket. Arbeitsstand: September 2021.
https://energysufficiency.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GermanZero-2021-Massnahmen-fu%CC%88r-ein-15-Grad-Gesetzespaket.pdf
29
Institut für zukunftsfähige Ökonomien e.V. (2021). Sustainable Prosperity made in Europe.
https://sustainable-prosperity.eu/
30
Jackson, T. (2013). Wohlstand ohne Wachstum: Leben und Wirtschaften in einer endlichen Welt (Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Hrsg.). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
31
Martin, B., Pestiaux, J., Schobbens, Q., Emmrich, J., & Hagemann, M. (2020). A radical transformation of mobility in Europe: Exploring the decarbonisation of the transport sector by 2040.
https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TransportRoadmap_Report_September2020.pdf
32
Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Mocanu, T., Pregger, T., Quante, M., Ramacher, M. O. P., Seum, S., & Winkler, C. (2020). Modelling road transport emissions in Germany – Current day situation and scenarios for 2040. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536
33
MURE Database
https://www.measures.odyssee-mure.eu/energy-efficiency-policies-database.html#/measures/109
34
National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs):
Republic of Austria - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus. (2019a). Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich Periode 2021-2030.
Kingdom of Belgium - National Climate Commission. (2019). Belgian Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030. Section A: National Plan.
Republic of Bulgaria. (2020). Integrated Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria—2021–2030.
Cyprus - Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Mesimeris, T., & Partasides, G. (2020). Cyprus’ Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan—Version 1.1.
Germany - Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi). (2020). Integrierter Nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan.
Denmark - Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. (2019). Denmark’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan.
Republic of Estonia. (2019). Estonia’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP 2030).
Kingdom of Spain. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030.
Republic of Finland - Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2019). Finland’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (2019:66; Energy).
French Republic. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for France.
Hellenic Republic. (2019). National and Climate Plan.
Republic of Croatia - Ministry of Environment and Energy. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for the Republic of Croatia for the period 2021-2030.
Republic of Ireland - Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment. (2020). National Energy & Climate Plan 2021-2030.
Italian Republic - Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Natural Resources and the Sea, & Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for Italy.
Lithuania - Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic. (2019). National Energy and Climate Action Plan of the Republic of Lithuania 2021-2030.
Luxemburg - Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima und nachhaltige Entwicklung. (2020). Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan Luxemburgs für den Zeitraum 2021-2030.
Republic of Latvia. (2019). Latvia’s’ National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030.
Republic of Malta. (2019). Malta’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan.
The Netherlands - Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030—Version: 0.4 final version.
Republic of Poland - Ministry of National Assets. (2019). The National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030—Objectives and targets, and policies and measures.
Portuguese Republic. (2019). National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP 2030).
Kingdom of Sweden - The Ministry of Infrastructure. (2020). Sweden’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan.
Republic of Slovenia. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan.
Slovak Republic - Ministry of Economy. (2019). Integrovaný národný energetický a klimatický plán na roky 2021—2030.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-energy-and-climate-plans_en#final-necps
35
Öko-Institut e. V. & Fraunhofer ISI. (2015). Klimaschutzszenario 2050—2. Endbericht. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit.
https://www.oeko.de/oekodoc/2451/2015-608-de.pdf
36
Republic of Austria - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus. (2019b). Langfriststrategie 2050—Österreich: Periode bis 2050.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-long-term-strategies_en
37
Scherhorn, G. (2012). Die Welt als Allmende – Für ein gemeingütersensitives Wettbewerbsrecht. Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat.
https://band1.dieweltdercommons.de/essays/gerhard-scherhorn-die-welt-als-allmende-fur-ein-gemeingutersensitives-wettbewerbsrecht/
38
SRU (2020). Für eine entschlossene Umweltpolitik in Deutschland und Europa: Umweltgutachten 2020.
https://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/01_Umweltgutachten/2016_2020/2020_Umweltgutachten_Entschlossene_Umweltpolitik.pdf;jsessionid=BAFA47E7162B9F3683063D4E0B9F0F74.intranet231?__blob=publicationFile&v=2
39
Sustainable Prosperity Database
https://sustainable-prosperity.eu/
40
Transport model logic
https://github.com/marlinarnz/quetzal_germany#readme
41
Umweltbundesamt (UBA). (2020). Transformationsprozess zum treibhausgasneutralen und ressourcenschonenden Deutschland—GreenSupreme.
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/transformationsprozess-treibhausgasneutrales-ressourcenschonendes-deutschland-greensupreme
42
Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie. (2020). CO2-neutral bis 2035: Eckpunkte eines deutschen Beitrags zur Einhaltung der 1,5-°C-Grenze [Projektbericht]. GLS Bank & Fridays for Future Deutschland.
https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7606
43
WWF & Oeko-Institut 2022. Modell Deutschland
Circular Economy. Machbarkeitsstudie im Auftrag des WWF Deutschland.
https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Unternehmen/Machbarkeitsstudie-Modell-Deutschland-CE-Endbericht.pdf
44
Zell-Ziegler, C., Thema, J., Best, B., Wiese, F., Lage, J., Schmidt, A., Toulouse, E., & Stagl, S. (2021). Enough? The role of sufficiency in European energy and climate plans. Energy Policy, 157, 112483.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112483
45
Fuhrhop, D. (2023). Der unsichtbare Wohnraum: Wohnsuffizienz als Antwort auf Wohnraummangel, Klimakrise und Einsamkeit. Urban Studies.
https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839469002
46
FEEL. Part of "Frugal cities through Energy Efficiency and Low-tech communities".
https://energy-cities.eu/project/feel/
| Number of Source / Nummer der Quelle | Source / Quelle | URL |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Architects 4 Future (2021). UMbauordnung für Deutschland, damit Bauen klimaneutral werden kann. | https://www.architects4future.de/portfolio/publikationen/umbauordnung-fur-deutschland-damit-bauen-klimaneutral-werden-kann#jetzt-lesen |
| 2 | Association négaWatt. (2017). Scénario négaWatt 2017-2050—Dossier de synthèse. Fondation Charles Léopold Mayer pour le progrès de l’Homme. | https://negawatt.org/IMG/pdf/synthese_scenario-negawatt_2017-2050.pdf |
| 3 | Ayuntament de Barcelona (2021). MESURA DE GOVERN SUPERILLA BARCELONA PER REGENERAR BARCELONA I ELS SEUS BARRIS. | https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/123221/1/Llibret_SUPERILLA_MdG_A4_web.pdf |
| 4 | Bertoldi, P. (2017). Are current policies promoting a change in behaviour, conservation and sufficiency? An analysis of existing policies and recommendations for new and effective policies. ECEEE. | https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/2017/ |
| 5 | Best, B., & Wagner, O. (2020). Prepaid-Strom per Smartphone. Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen, 11, 74–77. | https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/7610/file/7610_Best.pdf |
| 6 | Böcker, M., Brüggemann, H., Christ, M., Knak, A., Lage, J., & Sommer, B. (2020). Wie wird weniger genug? Suffizienz als Strategie für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. München: oekom verlag. | https://doi.org/10.14512/9783962388041 |
| 7 | BürgerBegehren Klimaschutz e. V. (2021). Unsere Empfehlungen für die deutsche Klimapolitik. Schöpflin Stiftung, Open Society Foundations, GLS Treuhand, Postcode-Lotterie-Stiftung. | https://buergerrat-klima.de/content/pdfs/B%C3%BCrgerrat%20Klima%202021_Das%20B%C3%BCrgergutachten.pdf |
| 8 | Bürgerrat Klima | https://buergerrat-klima.de/downloadPdf/41 |
| 9 | Chancel (2022): Global carbon inequality over 1990–2019. In: Nature Sustainability. p. 5-6 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00955-z |
| 10 | Citizen Assembly: Austria. ARGE Klimarat Oestereich, Klimaneutralität bis 2040: Die Empfehlungen. Tech- nical Report, Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie (BMK) - Oesterreich, Wien, 2022. | https://klimarat.org/wp-content/uploads/Klimarat-Endbericht-WEB.pdf |
| 11 | Citizen Assembly: Denmark. Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. The Citizens’ Assembly’s Recommendations. Technical Report, Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, Dänemark, Kopenhagen. | https://en.kefm.dk/Media/637647201779892262/Borgertingets%20anbefalinger_ENG.pdf |
| 12 | Citizen Assembly: European Union. Conference on the Future of Europe, Conference on the Future of Europe European Citizens’ Panel 3: ‘‘Climate Change and the Environment / Health’’ Recommendations. Technical report, Europäische Komission/EU, 2022. | https://futureu.europa.eu/rails/active_storage/blobs/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBZ0dsIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--e3ab619748ad45cdac68a6d1cf0004f1647f30ee/P3S3_voted_recommendations_FINAL_v%202022.01.10%2013%2030.pdf |
| 13 | Citizen Assembly: Finland. Ministry of the Environment of Finland. Final Report of the Citizens’ Jury on Climate Actions, Technical Report, Ministry of the Environment of Finland, Finnland,Helsinki, 2022. | https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/163766/YM_2022_2.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |
| 14 | Citizen Assembly: France. Conseil Économique Social et Environnemental (CESE). Les Propositions de la Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat, Technical Report, 2021. | https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Convention/ccc-rapport-final.pdf |
| 15 | Citizen Assembly: Germany. ifok GmbH, nexus Institut, I.P.G. Institut. Unsere Empfehlungen für die deutsche Klimapolitik. Technical Report, Association Citzen Initiative Climate (Verein BürgerBegehren Klimaschutz e.V.). Financed by foundations: Schöpflin Stiftung, Open Society Foundations, GLS Treuhand, Deutsche Postcode-Lotterie-Stiftung, Berlin, 2021. | https://buergerrat-klima.de/downloadPdf/41 |
| 16 | Citizen Assembly: Ireland. The Citizens’ Assembly (An Tionól Saoránach), Third Report and Recommendations of the Citizens’ Assembly/ How the State can Make Ireland a Leader in Tackling Climate Change. Technical Report, 2018. | https://2016-2018.citizensassembly.ie/en/How-the-State-can-make-Ireland-a-leader-in-tackling-climate-change/Final-Report-on-how-the-State-can-make-Ireland-a-leader-in-tackling-climate-change/Climate-Change-Report-Final.pdf |
| 17 | Citizen Assembly: Luxembourg. Biergerkommitee Lëtzebuerg 2050. Unsere Empfehlungen an die Politik - Auf dem Weg zu einem klimaneutralen Territorium. Technical Report, Luxemburg, 2022. | https://luxembourgintransition.lu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/BK2050_Brochure_DE.pdf |
| 18 | Citizen Assembly: Scotland. Scotland’s Climate Assembly, Scotland’s Climate Assembly Recommendations for Action. Technical report, Scotland’s Climate Assembly, 2021. | https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20220321133037/https://www.climateassembly.scot/full-report |
| 19 | Citizen Assembly: Spain. Ministerio para la transición ecológica y el reto demográfico (MITECO), Asamblea Ciudadana para el Clima: Una España más segura y justa ante el cambio climático š Cómo lo hacemos? Technical report, Ministerio para la transición ecológica y el reto demográfico (MITECO), 2022. | https://asambleaciudadanadelcambioclimatico.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Informe-recomendaciones-Asamblea-Ciudadana-Clima_ESP.pdf |
| 20 | Citizen Assembly: United Kingdom. Climate Assembly U.K., The Path to Net Zero: climate Assembly UK Full Report. Technical report, House of Commons (with involve; Sortritition Foundation; mySociety), 2020. | https://www.climateassembly.uk/report/read/final-report.pdf |
| 21 | EnSu - Energie-Suffizienz. (2020). First meeting of the EnSu Practice Advisory Board. | https://energysufficiency.de/beiraete/ |
| 22 | Faber, J., Schroten, A., Bles, M., Sevenster, M., Markowska, A., Smit, M., Rohde, C., Dütschke, E., Köhler, J., Gigli, M., Zimmermann, K., & van ’t Riet, J. (2012). Behavioural climate change mitigation options and their appropriate inclusion in quantitative longer term policy scenarios. | https://ec.europa.eu/clima/system/files/2016-11/main_report_en.pdf |
| 23 | French Ministry of Ecological Transition (2021). Pollution lumineuse. | https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/pollution-lumineuse |
| 24 | Friends of the Earth Europe. (2018). Sufficiency. Moving beyond the gospel of eco-efficiency. Friends of the Earth Europe, Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and of the Federal Environment Agency of the Federal Republic of Germany, European Commission. | https://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/resource_use/2018/foee_sufficiency_booklet.pdf |
| 25 | Fuhrhop, D. (2017). „Bauverbot“ und Suffizienz im Stadtwandel. In F. Adler & U. Schachtschneider (Hrsg.), Postwachstumspolitiken (S. 293–304). oekom. | |
| 26 | FULFILL (2022). Fundamental decarbonisation through sufficiency by lifestyle changes. Wuppertal Institut. | https://fulfill-sufficiency.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FULFILL_D4.1_final.pdf |
| 27 | Germany - Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU). (2019). Climate Action Plan 2050—Principles and goals of the German government’s climate policy. | https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-long-term-strategies_en |
| 28 | GermanZero e. V. (2021). Maßnahmen für ein 1,5-Grad- Gesetzespaket. Arbeitsstand: September 2021. | https://energysufficiency.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GermanZero-2021-Massnahmen-fu%CC%88r-ein-15-Grad-Gesetzespaket.pdf |
| 29 | Institut für zukunftsfähige Ökonomien e.V. (2021). Sustainable Prosperity made in Europe. | https://sustainable-prosperity.eu/ |
| 30 | Jackson, T. (2013). Wohlstand ohne Wachstum: Leben und Wirtschaften in einer endlichen Welt (Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Hrsg.). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. | |
| 31 | Martin, B., Pestiaux, J., Schobbens, Q., Emmrich, J., & Hagemann, M. (2020). A radical transformation of mobility in Europe: Exploring the decarbonisation of the transport sector by 2040. | https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TransportRoadmap_Report_September2020.pdf |
| 32 | Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Mocanu, T., Pregger, T., Quante, M., Ramacher, M. O. P., Seum, S., & Winkler, C. (2020). Modelling road transport emissions in Germany – Current day situation and scenarios for 2040. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87, 1–17. | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536 |
| 33 | MURE Database | https://www.measures.odyssee-mure.eu/energy-efficiency-policies-database.html#/measures/109 |
| 34 | National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs):
Republic of Austria - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus. (2019a). Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich Periode 2021-2030. Kingdom of Belgium - National Climate Commission. (2019). Belgian Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030. Section A: National Plan. Republic of Bulgaria. (2020). Integrated Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria—2021–2030. Cyprus - Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Mesimeris, T., & Partasides, G. (2020). Cyprus’ Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan—Version 1.1. Germany - Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi). (2020). Integrierter Nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan. Denmark - Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. (2019). Denmark’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan. Republic of Estonia. (2019). Estonia’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP 2030). Kingdom of Spain. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030. Republic of Finland - Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2019). Finland’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (2019:66; Energy). French Republic. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for France. Hellenic Republic. (2019). National and Climate Plan. Republic of Croatia - Ministry of Environment and Energy. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for the Republic of Croatia for the period 2021-2030. Republic of Ireland - Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment. (2020). National Energy & Climate Plan 2021-2030. Italian Republic - Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Natural Resources and the Sea, & Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for Italy. Lithuania - Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic. (2019). National Energy and Climate Action Plan of the Republic of Lithuania 2021-2030. Luxemburg - Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima und nachhaltige Entwicklung. (2020). Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan Luxemburgs für den Zeitraum 2021-2030. Republic of Latvia. (2019). Latvia’s’ National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030. Republic of Malta. (2019). Malta’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan. The Netherlands - Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. (2019). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030—Version: 0.4 final version. Republic of Poland - Ministry of National Assets. (2019). The National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030—Objectives and targets, and policies and measures. Portuguese Republic. (2019). National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP 2030). Kingdom of Sweden - The Ministry of Infrastructure. (2020). Sweden’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan. Republic of Slovenia. (2020). Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan. Slovak Republic - Ministry of Economy. (2019). Integrovaný národný energetický a klimatický plán na roky 2021—2030. |
https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-energy-and-climate-plans_en#final-necps |
| 35 | Öko-Institut e. V. & Fraunhofer ISI. (2015). Klimaschutzszenario 2050—2. Endbericht. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit. | https://www.oeko.de/oekodoc/2451/2015-608-de.pdf |
| 36 | Republic of Austria - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus. (2019b). Langfriststrategie 2050—Österreich: Periode bis 2050. | https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-long-term-strategies_en |
| 37 | Scherhorn, G. (2012). Die Welt als Allmende – Für ein gemeingütersensitives Wettbewerbsrecht. Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat. | https://band1.dieweltdercommons.de/essays/gerhard-scherhorn-die-welt-als-allmende-fur-ein-gemeingutersensitives-wettbewerbsrecht/ |
| 38 | SRU (2020). Für eine entschlossene Umweltpolitik in Deutschland und Europa: Umweltgutachten 2020. | https://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/01_Umweltgutachten/2016_2020/2020_Umweltgutachten_Entschlossene_Umweltpolitik.pdf;jsessionid=BAFA47E7162B9F3683063D4E0B9F0F74.intranet231?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 |
| 39 | Sustainable Prosperity Database | https://sustainable-prosperity.eu/ |
| 40 | Transport model logic | https://github.com/marlinarnz/quetzal_germany#readme |
| 41 | Umweltbundesamt (UBA). (2020). Transformationsprozess zum treibhausgasneutralen und ressourcenschonenden Deutschland—GreenSupreme. | https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/transformationsprozess-treibhausgasneutrales-ressourcenschonendes-deutschland-greensupreme |
| 42 | Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie. (2020). CO2-neutral bis 2035: Eckpunkte eines deutschen Beitrags zur Einhaltung der 1,5-°C-Grenze [Projektbericht]. GLS Bank & Fridays for Future Deutschland. | https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7606 |
| 43 | WWF & Oeko-Institut 2022. Modell Deutschland Circular Economy. Machbarkeitsstudie im Auftrag des WWF Deutschland. | https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Unternehmen/Machbarkeitsstudie-Modell-Deutschland-CE-Endbericht.pdf |
| 44 | Zell-Ziegler, C., Thema, J., Best, B., Wiese, F., Lage, J., Schmidt, A., Toulouse, E., & Stagl, S. (2021). Enough? The role of sufficiency in European energy and climate plans. Energy Policy, 157, 112483. | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112483 |
| 45 | Fuhrhop, D. (2023). Der unsichtbare Wohnraum: Wohnsuffizienz als Antwort auf Wohnraummangel, Klimakrise und Einsamkeit. Urban Studies. | https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839469002 |
| 46 | FEEL. Part of "Frugal cities through Energy Efficiency and Low-tech communities". | https://energy-cities.eu/project/feel/ |
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